Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Political Effects of the Great Depression

• Political effects:

1. Governments were criticized, especially democrats.
2. Many countries turned to dictatorship.
3. Japan, Italy, and later Germany threatened the peace and security of other nations.
4. International tensions rose as global trade collapsed.

Influence on Global Powers

• Influence on powers:

1. US: High unemployment turned voters against President Hoover, leading to his defeat.
2. Germany: The Weimar government struggled, allowing fascism to rise as Hitler promised a strong government and a better life.
3. Italy: Mussolini sought to build a new Roman Empire by expanding power abroad to distract citizens from economic problems.
4. France: The luxury goods market, such as wine, collapsed, leading to unemployment and the

PSOE Members Overwhelmingly Approve Coalition with Unidas Podemos

The militants of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) have approved this Saturday by an overwhelming majority the agreement signed between Pedro Sanchez and Pablo Iglesias for a coalition government of the Socialist party with Unidas Podemos.

The agreement of the Socialists with the formation of Iglesias last November 12 has obtained the support of 92% of the militants who have voted, as reported by socialist sources to 98% of the scrutiny.

PSOE Consultation Results

The consultation of the bases, which is binding, according to the federal statutes of the PSOE, has had a participation of 63%, almost 12 points higher than the 2016 consultation when the PSOE asked the militancy...

Cadiz Courts: Provincial Juntas and Central Juntas

The Bayonne Abdications and the uprising against Joseph marked the end of the Old Regime and left the Spanish authority in disarray.

At that time, citizens rose to power through assemblies known as Provincial Juntas. These juntas were created in all the provinces to confront the French invaders. They assumed sovereignty in the name of the absent king, Ferdinand VII.

On the 8th of September, representatives from each Provincial Junta gathered to constitute the Central Junta (the highest organization at that moment). Although they initially supported the Old Regime, they eventually realized that revolutionary measures were necessary. Consequently, they called for the Cortes.

On the 24th of September,...

Rousseau’s Perspective on Enlightenment Government

Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that government should express the general will, or the collective desire, of the people. According to Rousseau, citizens grant the government the authority to create and enforce laws. However, if these laws fail to serve the public interest, the government must relinquish its power.

Principal Characteristics of Democratic Documents

• Magna Carta:
  • Limited the power of the monarchy.
  • Identified property rights.
  • Established the right to a trial by jury.
• The English Bill of Rights:
  • Outlawed cruel and unusual punishment.
  • Guaranteed free speech for members of Parliament.
• The U.S. Declaration of Independence:
  • Declared that individuals possess natural rights that governments must

Franco's Early Repression: A Post-Civil War Law

This document, a primary source text, was likely authored by Franco or someone within his inner circle, drafted months before the official end of the Spanish Civil War. It outlines the groups targeted for punishment due to their lack of support for Franco's uprising.

Historical Context: The Spanish Civil War

In the final moments of the Second Spanish Republic, following the "Bienio Negro" (two dark years), new elections were called for February 1936. In these elections, left-wing parties formed a large coalition known as the Popular Front, securing a victory. However, as soon as it became evident that the left-wing parties would form the government, the military decided to launch their uprising....

Añoveros' 1974 Homily on Basque Rights

Introduction: The Bishop and the Context

This text discusses a homily by Fernando Añoveros, a bishop from Biscay who held religious authority. The subject is the 'Basque problem,' referring to the suppression of Basque culture, language, and media under General Franco's dictatorship. This religious homily was delivered on February 24, 1974, shortly after the assassination of Carrero Blanco.

Franco's Dictatorship and the Basque Country

The imposition of Franco's dictatorship in the Basque Country meant the end of all freedom and self-government for the region. Franco distinguished between the Basque territories based on their stance during the Spanish Civil War:

• Loyal Provinces: Álava and Navarre, which had

The Decline of the Spanish Empire

The decline of the Spanish Empire was brought about by many factors. Despite galleons laden with gold from the Americas, Spain faced significant financial strain during the 17th century. Many of these treasure ships were raided by pirates or lost to storms. Conquering and forming an empire is one challenge; maintaining it presents another. Natives of conquered lands often resented the brutal and unfair conditions imposed by their conquerors, leading to widespread revolts. Suppressing these uprisings required substantial military expenditure, further draining the empire's resources.

Economic Strain and Internal Rebellions

A prime example of such resistance was the Dutch Revolt, which concluded in the 17th century....

The Writer's Secret Mission

Motives for Traveling to Poland

The writer traveled to Poland for revenge, intending to assassinate a political leader. This mission followed a two-week hunting trip.

True Motive: Revenge for a Beloved

His true motivation for attempting to kill the leader of Quive-Smith's country was revenge for the harm inflicted upon his beloved.

Assassination Preparation: The Catapult

The writer prepared to kill Quive-Smith by constructing a primitive catapult. This device was designed to shoot a sharp piece of metal at high speed through a ventilation hole, aiming to strike Q-S.

Survival and Escape

Surviving the Cliff Fall

He survived his fall by landing in a small, deep marsh.

The Trousers Incident

He took all the trousers to make it appear...

Los términos bipolarización y Guerra Fría, que están bastante relacionados, se utilizan para definir la división del mundo después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en la que dos bloques antagónicos y las relaciones creadas entre ellos. Los bloques eran:

a) Uno liderado por Estados Unidos, o bloque occidental, capitalista, democrático o norteamericano.

b) Otro liderado por la URSS, bloque oriental, comunista o bloque soviético.

En este contexto, cada bloque intenta:

a) Mantener su área de influencia con intervenciones constantes para equilibrar la influencia del bloque oponente en esta área.

b) Amenazar al oponente mediante una carrera creciente de armamento, incluyendo armas nucleares.

c) El equilibrio militar y de armamento (equilibrio del...