Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

In 1880, Africa was almost unknown in mainland Europeans k him occupied some coastal enclaves with strategic and comercial.En1914, its territory was totally divided between European powers, and only 2 states remained independent: Liberia and Etiopía.Frnancia, k had begun the occupation of 1830, annexed Algeria in 1847 and became a settler colony in 1a, the k lived about 1 million French in 1914.A continuacón, extended its influence in neighboring Tunisia x, k became 1 protectorate, the k assumed the obligation to respect the territorial integrity and the penetration locales.La authorities in Morocco and Saharan and equatorial elAfrica, the occupation of the island of Madagascar and other positions in ell coastal Gulf of Guinea (Gabon , Ivory...

International Involvement in the Spanish Civil War

Europe and the Western world viewed the Civil War as their own, participating directly or indirectly. It has been said that it was a civil war among Europeans. From the outset, the conflict was international: the Republicans sought help from France, Britain, and the Soviet Union, as well as nationals from Germany and Italy.

The Committee of Non-Intervention and Republican Aid

The committee of non-intervention and aid received by the Republic from Blum's Popular Front government was of great interest to Republicans. However, pressure from the right and British reluctance hindered them. Only 300 planes were able to reach them. Great Britain, concerned about the possibility of Gibraltar being affected...

Key Figures and Events of 19th Century Spain

Political Leaders and Ministers

• Olavide: Progressive minister.
• Manuel Godoy: Radical minister who faced popular discontent.
• Mendizábal: Progressive politician known for the disentailment of dead hand properties (lands held by the Church, Town Councils, and public entities that could not be capitalized).
• Espartero: Progressive regent.
• O'Donnell: General and founder of the Liberal Union.
• Serrano: Unionist politician.
• Cánovas del Castillo: Architect of the Restoration political system.

Monarchs and Royal Figures

• Ferdinand VII: King of Spain following the Treaty of Valençay.
• Joseph Bonaparte: King of Spain after the Mutiny of Aranjuez.
• Maria Cristina: Queen regent, mother of Isabella II.
• Isabella II: Daughter

The General Strike: A Tool for Change

The General Strike was threatened as a necessary measure if the situation for workers did not improve. It acted as a powerful weapon because it prevented the bourgeoisie from profiting from the exploitation of the labor movement when workers refused to work.

The 'measures deemed appropriate' alluded to actions such as:

• Derailing trains and trams
• Threatening owners of stores that remained open during the strike (scabs)
• Picketing (where subversive groups sometimes used violence against scabs)
• Proclaiming an indefinite strike

An example involved women carrying republican flags who forced shops to close.

Historical Context: Seeds of Unrest

This societal struggle had been ongoing for a long time. Consider the Revolutionary

The Congress of Vienna:
In 1815 Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, the victorious powers were now rearrange the map of Europe. To this end, Congress was held in Vienna, which proposed two things:
Restore the old regime (it was decided to pursue any revolutionary attempt, and signed the "Holy Alliance." Anyway, the restoration could not occur with equal force in all European countries because Western countries were more permeable the Orientals to the ideas of the Revolution and Napoleon. Therefore, when Louis XVIII restored to him the throne of the Bourbons in France, kept the Napoleonic codes, the abolition of feudalism, and even promised to govern with an absolute moderate: it was the regime of the Letter Issued. The system of CO has been...

The Origins and Ideology of Carlism

Since 1834, the Carlist uprising that had erupted after the death of Fernando VII became an open civil war. Carlism was characterized by a militant anti-liberalism which denied the principle of sovereignty of the nation and defined itself in its motto: "God, country and king."

They wanted to restore the power of the church through an inclusive Catholicism and the defense of institutions and traditional privileges, particularly in the Basque Country, Navarre, Aragon, and Catalonia. These privileges, or fueros, were rights that kings had been granting to various regions, alongside the defense of traditional formalism.

The Carlist supporters of Don Carlos (self-proclaimed Charles V) were convinced that liberalism...

War Against the United States (1898)

Causes of the Spanish-American War

The main cause of the Spanish-American War was the Cuban struggle for independence. The Cuban War of Independence (Ten Years' War, 1868-1878) was a conflict that arose during the revolutionary period in Spain, known as the *Sexenio Democrático*, and coincided with the American Civil War and Reconstruction Era. A key point of contention was the abolition of slavery. While Spain had abolished slavery in Europe, its colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico relied heavily on the labor of enslaved Africans in vast tobacco and sugar plantations. The profits from these plantations largely benefited the Catalan bourgeoisie.

The proposal to abolish slavery was met with resistance. Creoles...

Sabino Arana's Early Basque Nationalism

The text we analyze is a primary source. Regarding its form, it comprises the founding statutes of a nationalist social center, the first Batzoki of Bizkaia, making it a historical document. Its content addresses social, political, and cultural subjects. The author is Sabino Arana, often called the Father of Basque Nationalism. Intended for nationalists in Bilbao and, more broadly, throughout Bizkaia, the objective was to establish the rules of the first nationalist organization and summarize the main ideological tenets of its founder. This significant text was published in 1894 in Bilbao, the capital of Bizkaia.

Statutes of Euskaldunen Batzokija: Core Principles

The statutes of Euskaldunen Batzokija are...

The Cold War: US vs. USSR Geopolitical Tension

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union with its satellite states (the Eastern Bloc), and the United States with its allies (the Western Bloc) after World War II (WWII).

Ideological Divide

Basically, the two superpowers battled for influence in the fields of science, industry, sports, and military. The USSR started setting up pro-Soviet governments in satellite countries, and both the US and the USSR were very strict regarding their policies.

Key Events of the Cold War

• 1949: Europe is divided into two blocs, separated by the Iron Curtain. The USSR tests its first atomic bomb. The US creates

The Crisis of 1947 and Truman's Foreign Policy

By 1947, President Truman's foreign policy was foundering. His secretary, Henry Wallace, had been outspoken in his criticism of the Baruch Plan and the policy of “getting tough” with the Soviets; later, he became a prominent leader of the left. The 1946 elections returned a Republican Congress bent on cutting costs and “bringing the boys home.”

The British Withdrawal and the Truman Doctrine

On February 21, 1947, the British government announced that its economic difficulties would force it to suspend economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey. If those countries succumbed to Communist influence, the Mediterranean and the entire Middle East might follow.

Truman, his new Secretary of State...