Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

Constitution of the USA and Amendments (1789)

Classification

• Legal act: Represents the supreme law of the country.
• Origin: Written in 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Federal System: Established the federal government system that exists today.
• Effective Date: Went into effect in March 1789.

Authorship

• Delegates: A collective of delegates from 12 states.
• James Madison: Known as the "Father of the Constitution" due to his significant contributions and authorship of the Preamble.

Structure

• 7 Original Articles:
  • 1. Legislature
  • 2. Executive
  • 3. Judiciary
  • 4. The States
  • 5. Amendments
  • 6. Federal Government
  • 7. Ratification
• 37 Amendments: The first 10, known as the Bill of Rights (added in 1791), protect natural rights of liberty and property.

Historical Context

• British

Common Regular Verbs: Base Form, Past Tense, and Spanish

This list provides essential regular English verbs, their simple past and past participle forms, and their corresponding Spanish translations. All verbs listed follow the standard regular conjugation pattern.

• move, moved, moved: mudarse
• need, needed, needed: necesitar
• notice, noticed, noticed: darse cuenta, notar
• obey, obeyed, obeyed: obedecer
• open, opened, opened: abrir
• organize, organized, organized: organizar
• pass, passed, passed: aprobar, pasar
• permit, permitted, permitted: permitir
• phone, phoned, phoned: telefonear
• play, played, played: jugar
• post, posted, posted: mandar por correo
• practise, practised, practised: practicar
• pray, prayed, prayed: rogar, rezar
• prefer, preferred, preferred: preferir
• prepare,

Historical Context of the Biscay Workers' Movement

Workers: This text is a primary source and, due to its nature, is a political text. It was written by the workers from Biscay. It was published in "La Lucha de Clases" and the destinations were all the public. It was written in 1896 during the Restoration time when the workers’ movement had an important growth in Spanish industrial areas and Biscay’s workers started fighting for better working conditions.

The workers from Biscay named a commission to require political authorities the abolition of compulsory shops and quarters. The reasons they presented were the broken promises of the bosses about the abolition of compulsory shops and quarters taken in the 1890 strike and the fact this situation...

Biscay Miners' Petition and Strike Threats

The workers of the Biscay mines appointed a commission to demand that public authorities end the system of quarters and compulsory shops. The reasons they presented were the broken promises from the bosses about closing compulsory shops and quarters, promises made during the 1890 strike, and the fact that this situation ran counter to the liberal spirit of the century, which favoured individual freedom and freedom of work. The miners threatened to go on strike if the government did not accept their petitions.

Context: Restoration and Industrialization

At the end of the century the Restoration system was set up. This system was rooted in the 1876 Constitution. The system presented itself as the only...

Luddism: The First Movement

Luddism emerged in the early 19th century as a movement against the use of machines. Workers originally considered machines to be the root of their problems. The movement's leader was Ned Ludd.

Chartism: A Workers' Charter

In 1838, Chartism developed as a movement based on a workers' charter. This charter was sent to Parliament by a committee of workers with various petitions, including demands for universal suffrage and a secret ballot.

The Industrial Revolutions

The First Industrial Revolution occurred almost exclusively in England. The Second Industrial Revolution spread to other European countries and continents, including the USA and Japan. The Third Industrial Revolution took place in the mid-20th century.

The First

The Geopolitical Landscape Leading to World War I

Following the geopolitical shifts around 1898, new alternatives emerged for major powers: making agreements or engaging in conflict to attain hegemony and overseas expansion. Mexico held a strategic position for Germany due to its proximity to the U.S.

France and Russia were allied, prompting Germany to pressure France to abandon agreements regarding Morocco. In 1905, Germany sought an alliance with Russia, but due to Russia's ongoing internal problems, the alliance failed.

As Germany prepared for war, Britain protested. In June 1907, negotiations took place at The Hague, Netherlands, among the major powers to halt the escalating arms race. In August 1907, the Treaty of Friendship was signed. This...

The Cold War: Defining a Post-World War II Era

The Cold War refers to a period of continuous geopolitical tension that emerged after the Second World War. Its defining characteristics include:

• Confrontation between Two Superpowers: Initially, the United States and the Soviet Union.
• Global Expansion: By the 1950s, the conflict extended to global proportions, forming two opposing blocs led by these superpowers.
• Strategies of Harassment: Both sides employed continuous strategies of harassment against the opposing bloc.
• Psychological Warfare: The conflict profoundly altered the collective psyche of people worldwide, who lived in constant fear of nuclear war.

Key Policies and Doctrines of the Cold War

The Truman Doctrine: A Policy of Containment

In 1946,...

The Franco regime was a political ideology and social movement that propped up the dictatorship that emerged in Spain. This regime was based on the need for right-wing military rebels to create a unified command and concentrate all powers in one person. The inspiring power system was based on authoritarianism, the concentration of powers in the dictator, and anti-parliamentarism. It created a single party controlled by the state structure.

Franco Regime Stages

The Franco regime is divided into two main stages: the period of autarky, where the government sought self-sufficiency due to the crisis following the civil war, and the second period of stabilization and economic growth. A final crisis period also occurred, marked by changes in support...

Military Developments in the Spanish Civil War

The Beginning of the Conflict

Military operations began a week after the uprising, initiating the "War of Columns." This period spanned from the start of operations until the rebels' failed attempt to take Madrid. After crossing the Strait, African troops and regular legionaries, under Yagüe's command after suppressing resistance in Badajoz, advanced. In September, Franco ended the siege of the Alcázar. On November 6, the Republican government relocated to Valencia, leaving the defense of Madrid to the Republicans. From November to January, Madrid withstood a frontal assault, aided by the arrival of the International Brigades, concluding the militia resistance phase.

Battles Around Madrid and Occupation