Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Baccalaureate

THE POLICY OF APPEASEMENT

Chamberlain returns from Munich and says he has saved world peace for a long time, waving a paper in which Hitler promised he didn't have more territorial demands in Czechoslovakia. A year later, Germany invades Czechoslovakia.

What is Appeasement?

A diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. It was a total failure. It is applied to the foreign policy of the UK governments in the 1930s, towards the Nazis and Fascists in Italy.

Failure (future perspective):

Why appease Hitler?

• The League of Nations abandoned Czechoslovakia
• Britain is not prepared for war with the Luftwaffe
• Munich was followed by more Nazi demands and attacks
• The Czechs had 36 divisions ready to fight

Mexico has voted for a change and got it. Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the elections by a wide margin and MORENA obtained the majority at the federal level in the chamber of deputies and senators. This practically leaves the country without counterweights, only with the judiciary as hope to exercise responsible opposition.

Although MORENA dominates the chamber of deputies, the presidency of the same indicates, according to the regulations, that the rotation of the board of directors must go in order according to the majorities, so this year it is up to the National Action Party. That has happened in recent years without fail, however, MORENA, with its overwhelming majority, intended that the current president of the Chamber of Deputies,

The Persian Manifesto: A Call to Restore Absolutism in 1814

We are looking at a letter written in 1814 by a group of absolutist deputies, who called themselves the Persians. It was addressed to King Ferdinand VII upon his return to Spain, with the aim of restoring absolutism.

The Political Climate in Spain

The confrontation between Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII allowed Napoleon to summon both to Bayonne, where he convinced them to abdicate in his favor. He then bestowed the Spanish crown upon his brother, Joseph I, who was not accepted by the Spaniards. During his reign, Joseph I granted the citizens the Statute of Bayonne and implemented liberal measures, representing an advanced form of government. This sparked the War of Independence...

Franco's Dictatorship: Consolidation and Crisis (1959-1969)

1st Stage: The Stabilization Plan

1. Economic Changes
   • Importance of the Stabilization Plan of 1959, proposed by technocrats in government and new members of Opus Dei that assumed important posts in Franco's cabinet. Opus Dei aspired to economic integration in Europe, but Spain would be exposed to democratic influences.
   • Measures proposed by these technocrats:
     • Curb inflation, reduce government control of the economy, bring Spanish economic procedures in line with European standards. Spain's industrial production and standard of living increased.
   • Effects:
     • Foreign investment, attracted by low production costs, launched a process of industrialization, not only in Catalonia and the Basque Country,

Popular Front Program

Introduction

This document analyzes the program of the Popular Front, a coalition of left-wing political parties in Spain's Second Republic. It addresses the program's objectives, the agreements and disagreements within the coalition, and the broader political context.

The Program's Objectives

The Popular Front aimed to win the elections and form a left-wing government to reinstate the reforms initiated during the Reformist Biennium (1931-33). The program outlined a common plan of action for the coalition parties.

Agreements and Disagreements

The coalition partners agreed on key issues, such as granting amnesty to political prisoners from the 1933 elections and restoring the principles of the 1931 Constitution. However, disagreements...

Age of Dryden (Restoration) till the Death of Druden (1700)

Satire and drama. Theatres had been closed because of being illegal and immoral by Puritans but they opened thanks to royal support.

The Age of Pope-Swift (Golden Age of Satire) till 1744

They represent satire. Augustan period till the death of Pope and Swift. Satire and the rise of the novel. They tried to kill the novel. The rise was illicit. It was an offensive reading, sexual and physically explicit. They had nothing to do with the rise of the novel, but for the fact that they were anti-novelists, trying to destroy the aesthetic of novels. GT is a book of satire criticizing novels. They represent the cultural elite, not the popular culture.

Age of Johnson

Sensibility or enlightenment....

The Russian Revolution is dated to November 1917 (October 1917 on the Russian calendar), when Bolshevik Party forces took over the government offices in Petrograd. However, the problems that led toward revolution had been developing for generations. The revolution’s consequences, too, were far-reaching—the Communist Party, which formed to lead post-revolutionary Russia, remained in power until 1991.

Causes of the Russian Revolution

• Widespread suffering under **autocracy**—a form of government in which one person, in this case the **Czar**, has absolute power.
• Weak leadership of **Czar Nicholas II**, who clung to autocracy despite changing times.
• Poor working conditions, low wages, and hazards of industrialization.
• Emergence of new revolutionary

England in the Eighteenth Century

Two parables exist about the making and meanings of the British Empire. The first involves a man shipwrecked on a desert island. Despair gives way to resolution, Protestant faith, and ingenuity, allowing him to subdue his environment. He encounters a black man, names him, and makes him a servant. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719) portrays empire-making as seizing land, planting it, and changing it, employing guns, technology, trade, and the Bible to impose rule and subordinate those of different skin pigmentation or religion.

Critique of Empire: Gulliver's Perspective

Gulliver observed that locals were deemed "harmless people" due to their perceived weakness. Consequently, their lands were seized and renamed....

The First World War

The First World War (1914-1918) was the most serious international conflict that the world had experienced at the time. Countries on different continents entered the combat. In 1918, the fighting stopped, and peace negotiations began. The first peace treaty was signed in 1919. Known at the time as the "Great War," all countries tried to create a network of alliances that would prepare them for war. The war began with the assassination of the heir of Austria. Heads of state of countries were prime.

The Moroccan Crisis

There were several conflicts in the early twentieth century, including the Agadir incident. Agadir was a port town with a natural interest to many powers. Germany claimed that that aspect, rather than being only...

Europe After the War

The Peace Treaties

The Paris Peace Conference hosted discussions that shaped the peace treaties presented by the victorious countries. Each defeated nation signed a separate treaty, although these shared common terms. A key influence was Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points. War compensation boards were established, and to prevent future conflicts, all peace agreements included the creation of the League of Nations—a precursor to the UN, designed as a platform for dialogue and conflict resolution.

• The Treaty of Versailles (1919): Signed with Germany, this treaty set a precedent with its harsh conditions. Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France; the Duchy of Schleswig went to Denmark; the Danzig Corridor, linking Poland