Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for Baccalaureate

Urbanization and Its Effects on Population and Society

The urbanization process involves the progressive concentration of population in cities, along with new lifestyles, services, and cultural activities. Innovations and technologies spread quickly through this urban environment.

Stages of Urbanization in Spain

There are several stages in the history of urbanization in Spain:

1. Preindustrial Urbanization

The origin of many Spanish cities dates back to the Greek and Phoenician colonization from the Mediterranean coast in the 8th century BC. Commercial factories established on the coast led to the rise of cities such as Cadiz or Empúries.

During the period of Roman rule, the Iberian Peninsula saw a significant number of new cities whose functions...

Tipos de suelo

1. Suelo formado a partir de rocas ácidas (granito), escaso en bases y con humus. Presenta dos horizontes erosionados en las laderas pronunciadas (montañas). Poco desarrollado, sin utilidad agrícola y cubierto por bosque.

2. Suelo con solo dos horizontes nuevos (A y C). La materia orgánica se acumula directamente sobre la roca madre, con presencia de rocas en todo el perfil. Uso preferentemente de matorral y bosque. Vegetación característica: tojos y brezos (abundantes).

3. Suelo con tres horizontes (A, B y C). De color pardo sobre esquisto, con uso agrícola y forestal según la topografía (generalmente suave). En su mayor parte se dedica a cultivos.

4. Suelo con exceso de humedad y hábitat de agua. Puede no estar encharcado,...

Política agraria en España y su evolución

Al pasar a formar parte de la Unión Europea (UE) y de la Política Agrícola Común (PAC), la política agraria en España experimentó grandes transformaciones.

Evolución histórica desde el siglo XIX

Desde el siglo XIX, la política agraria y la adopción de un nuevo sistema de propiedad de la tierra se trataron de modificar mediante diversas etapas:

• Leyes desamortizadoras del siglo XIX.
• Reforma Agraria durante la Segunda República.
• Política de colonización, extensión del regadío y concentración parcelaria durante el franquismo.

El inadecuado tamaño de la propiedad de la tierra se abordó mediante dos vías principales:

• Concentración parcelaria: Actualmente transferida a las comunidades autónomas

Metallic, not mineral, materials. They are used in construction, along with ceramics and glass. Ceramic materials. Ceramic is the term that applies to objects made from clay. Mixed with water, the clay forms a plastic paste that hardens and becomes rigid when dried and fired. This process increases its stability if it is fired with some cooking pieces. Ceramics have very high resistance to temperatures and to the action of most chemical agents. They are fragile and may break easily under tension due to some holistic efforts. They are usually classified by their applications:

· Structural use: clay used in the manufacture of bricks and roof tiles.
· Pottery and object manufacture: easily moldable materials such as terracotta, majolica, faience...

Polymers

A polymer is a very large macromolecule composed of many repeated smaller units known as monomers. Polymers have a typical organic structure. The properties of a polymer depend on the properties of the monomer from which it is obtained.

Classification of Polymers by Origin

• Natural: Found in nature in various forms and in living beings. Living cells contain proteins and starch, among others.
• Artificial: Obtained from natural polymers through chemical modification processes.
• Synthetic: Obtained as a result of manufacturing processes. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an example widely used by humans.

Classification of Polymers by Physical Properties

• Elastomers: Have a high degree of elasticity, similar to rubber.
• Plastics: Have high strength and a

Water Resources: A Vital and Limited Resource

Water is a dominant factor for the development of life. It is a limited resource, since the available quantity is conditioned by its unequal distribution in space and time. Nearly two billion people live in countries facing water stress. The problems presented with respect to water as a resource are the increase in consumption and scarcity. Agricultural practices, industrial and urban activities, as well as the increase of population and improvement in the quality of life in society, increase water requirements.

Solutions for Sustainable Water Use

• Improving efficiency in water use
• Sharing available water in solidarity
• Introducing new technologies in industries
• Implementing water policies based on efficiency,

The phenotype includes all the observable characteristics of an individual, whether morphological, functional, biochemical, behavioral, etc., that are present in a living being. Phenotype is largely hereditary, that is, it corresponds to the living characteristics that an individual receives from its progenitors, although phenotype is not only hereditary.

The genotype is the whole set of genes that an individual presents. These genes very frequently determine characteristics that appear in the phenotype; in other cases, some genes do not manifest.

Genetics

Genetics is the science that studies heredity and variation. It consists of the results of the transmission of characters and the segregation of chromosomes during reproduction.

Key Terms

• Phenotype:

Escultura Griega del Posclasicismo

El periodo posclásico griego (siglo IV a.C.) supuso una evolución respecto a los cánones clásicos previos:

• Características estéticas: Menor majestuosidad y solemnidad; adopción de un canon estético más esbelto y estilizado; búsqueda acentuada de naturalismo y movimiento dinámico; introducción del desnudo femenino; y pérdida del estricto equilibrio, severidad y armonía tradicionales.

Principales Escultores del Posclasicismo

• Praxíteles: Escultor que trabajó preferentemente el mármol y el bronce. Destacó por dotar de gran naturalidad y cercanía a las representaciones divinas. Introdujo la célebre curva praxiteliana, consistente en apoyar el peso del cuerpo sobre una sola pierna mientras la otra

External Migrations

Emigration Out of the Country

Population movements out of one's own country.

1. Transoceanic Emigration (Latin America)

Addressed in two stages due to crises:

a) The First Stage (Mid-19th Century to the First World War)

• Context: The First World War began. Latin American countries attracted immigrants.
• Attraction Factors: Population growth and exploitation of economic resources.
• Destinations: The main destinations were Argentina, Cuba, and Brazil.
• Causes: The agrarian structure of origin prompted people to seek work and obtain sufficient income.
• Profile: The profile was predominantly male, working in agriculture, with a low level of qualification.

b) Transoceanic Emigration Declined (Due to the World Wars)

• Insecurity caused by the wars

Current Internal Migration Dynamics

Since 1975, the migratory system has created new urban municipalities, where the place of origin was the greatest change in size. The destination has slowed down significantly, with certain communities acting as priority destinations, particularly along the Mediterranean coast and the Ebro Valley. Internal migration within the province has intensified.

At the municipal level, the ability of industrialized cities to attract people has declined. The profile of emigrants and the causes of migrations have changed:

Types of Internal Migration

Internal migrations are categorized into several distinct types based on their underlying motivations and demographic characteristics:

• a) Residential Migrations: Intraurban residential