Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for Baccalaureate

El Verbo: Definición y Estructura

Semánticamente: el verbo expresa acciones, procesos o estados.

Sintácticamente: funciona como núcleo del sintagma verbal o de una oración, y puede por sí solo constituir una oración completa.

Morfológicamente: está compuesto por un lexema (con significado léxico) y morfemas gramaticales o desinencias que aportan información flexiva.

Morfemas y Desajustes Verbales

El lexema contiene el significado léxico, mientras que los morfemas gramaticales contienen información gramatical:

• Persona y número: el sujeto y el verbo concuerdan en número y persona.
• Tiempo: señala el momento en el que se produce la acción.
• Modo: manifiesta la actitud del hablante (indicativo si la acción es real, subjuntivo si es un deseo

Tropical Cyclones

Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate from warm air masses in tropical waters near the equator. They bring strong winds and heavy rains, often resulting in significant human losses.

Understanding Natural Disasters

Disasters are events resulting from the interaction of weather phenomena and human vulnerability. These events cause damage, loss of life, and can ruin a country's economy. Catastrophes are defined as events that cause various degrees of damage originating from natural phenomena.

Primary Impacts of Disasters

• Human, Economic, and Environmental Losses: Beyond human casualties, catastrophes cause the loss of property, means of production, and infrastructure. The destruction of crops and livestock often leads

Natural Hazards

Natural hazards represent the probability of an area's population experiencing damage or catastrophe due to a natural event. UNESCO defines risk as the probability of human and property loss from natural or human-caused phenomena.

Key Concepts

• Dangerousness of a Natural Process: This estimates the potential of a natural process to cause environmental transformations, regardless of social context.
• Interference: This refers to the degree of interaction between a natural process in a specific area and human activities.
• Damage: This encompasses the types of transformations caused, considering economic, cultural, and production-related impacts.
• Social Catastrophe: This is the actual realization of a risk, measured by the resulting economic

Semántica y significado

Semántica estudia el significado de las palabras y las relaciones que establecen entre ellas.

Significado: conjunto de semas o rasgos mínimos (genéricos y específicos).

Tipos de significado

• Denotativo: objetivo, común para todos los hablantes.
• Connotativo: subjetivo, aporta matices de los hablantes y de los distintos contextos.

Significado y sentido

Significado: está determinado por diversos factores relacionados con el contexto lingüístico (las palabras del discurso que rodean a la palabra) y la situación comunicativa (por ejemplo, la intención del hablante).

Sentido: en un acto comunicativo concreto, este significado lingüístico y la situación en que se emite adquieren un valor determinado.

Relaciones semánticas

Crystals and Their Internal Order

Crystals are solids whose components have an ordered internal structure. The first step in their formation is an external, often irregular, polyhedral form, such as crystalline marble.

Amorphous Materials

Amorphous materials lack an ordered internal structure. Their components do not follow a fixed internal arrangement, and no particular external organization or internal regularity exists. An example is glass.

Glass

Glass is a polyhedral material that, unlike natural crystalline forms, has a non-crystalline matrix.

Isotropic and Anisotropic Properties

• Isotropic: A mineral whose physical properties, such as hardness or refraction, are equal in all directions.
• Anisotropic: A mineral whose physical properties vary with

Mendelian Genetics and DNA Principles

Mendelian Inheritance Laws

• First Law (Law of Uniformity): When two homozygous individuals for a character cross, the descendants of the first generation are phenotypically and genotypically identical.
• Second Law (Law of Segregation): Crossing two individuals of the first filial generation yields a non-uniform progeny due to the separation of implied alleles during gamete formation.
• Third Law (Law of Independent Assortment): Traits with more than one factor are transmitted independently of one another, generating new combinations not present in the parents.

DNA Structure and Replication

DNA is the molecule that contains the biological information characteristic of living beings.

DNA Replication

Fundamental for cell...

Key Environmental Science Terms

Waste (Residuo)

Residual product resulting from the manufacture, consumption and use of products that has no economic value. Proper handling is essential.

Incineration (Incineración)

A waste elimination method consisting of the controlled combustion of solid waste at high temperatures, producing ash and gases such as _CO2, _H2O, and SO₂. Burning plastic can release toxic dioxins.

Hazard (Peligrosidad)

The probability of occurrence of a potentially harmful phenomenon within a given time and space.

Exposure

The total number of people or living beings affected by a determined risk (RISG) within a population.

Ozone

A pale blue gas that is irritant and pungent. It is essential in the stratosphere but is a harmful contaminant...

The Crown and the Transition to Democracy

Introduction and Institutional History

The political character of the speech delivered on 22 November 1975, in which Juan Carlos de Borb on proclaimed himself King of Spain, still stands among the most significant events of the period. The Cortes General had been sworn in two days earlier, and the provisions in force were largely Francoist legislation. The disappearance of the dictator meant that Spain would establish a constitutional parliamentary monarchy, which contrasted with the institutions of the dictatorship.

The speech marked the beginning of a new phase in the history of Spain. The crown would play a vital role in the political future of the country, and its main task would be to become a guarantor...

Gothic Style

Gothic spread from the 12th century and was influenced by Romanesque and Gothic introductions. Its origins are found in the cathedrals of the Île-de-France.

1. Architecture

In the 12th century, Gothic architecture developed from Romanesque forms. Cathedrals in the 13th century, such as Basin cathedrals, reflected large cathedrals imitating French Gothic models, with villages, canopies and long naves.

In the 14th century, the pointed arch appeared in the Crown of Aragon. Churches reached sizes similar to large naves, with interiors where the side naves had the same height as the central nave, raised to open space.

In the 15th century, Flamboyant Gothic, Tardieu or Isabelline styles predominated in religious architecture. Rectangular...