Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Baccalaureate

The Spanish Agrarian Crisis (Late 19th Century)

Spanish agriculture traditionally focused on the cultivation of cereals, olive trees, and vines, alongside sheep farming for wool production.

The Cereal Crisis: Causes and Impact

Spain was severely affected by the cereal crisis, triggered by the arrival in Europe of cheaper products from countries utilizing extensive, competitive farming methods (such as Argentina, the USA, Canada, and Russia). These nations could afford to sell at significantly lower prices.

The resulting fall in prices was most evident in the periphery of Spain, where foreign supply was easily accessible. As domestic demand decreased, prices across Spain also began to drop. This reduction in revenue led directly to a fall in profits....

The Crisis and Collapse of the Restoration System

The Impact of World War I

The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was followed by a declaration of neutrality from the Spanish government. However, neutrality did not prevent public opinion from being divided between aliadófilos (pro-Allies) and Germanophiles.

While there were significant economic consequences, negative social effects also surfaced, such as increased unemployment and rising prices.

The 1917 Crisis

By early 1917, discontent was widespread. Criticism led the government to respond by suspending parliamentary sessions.

• Military Conflict: A confrontation arose between the government and the military, as the government refused to promote officers serving in Morocco. In response, the military

Transportation Systems and Their Importance

Transport is the activity that moves people and goods between geographic areas via land, sea, or air. A transportation system consists of the media and infrastructures—including both fixed and mobile elements—that facilitate this movement.

Key Features and Functions

• Political: Defense and control.
• Demographic: Influences settlement patterns.
• Economic: Provides employment and drives growth.
• Social: Facilitates entertainment and mobility.
• Cultural: Enables the spread of culture.
• International: Strengthens global relations.

Transportation and land use interact significantly, as spatial economic development imbalances often reflect the quality of the transport network, which serves as the backbone for connecting...

The Evolution of Spanish Tourism Since the 1960s

Since the 1960s, Spain has transformed into a global tourism powerhouse, driven by both international visitors and a significant increase in domestic travel. The country's tourism infrastructure is supported by institutions that promote international fairs, overseas offices, and travel agencies that coordinate essential services, including lodging, dining, and recreation.

Infrastructure and Accommodation

The accommodation sector is vast, offering over a million hotel beds since 1990. The industry has seen significant growth through hotel chains, mergers, franchises, and non-hotel establishments, which collectively provide more than ten million places. Supporting services include a wide array of...

4-Vocabulary remaining. - Demography: The science that analyzes quantitatively the population from the data obtained from various sources demographic. "Census: Counting individual of the population of a country at a particular time." Municipal Register: Register neighbors a municipality. - Actual population: A group of residents in each municipality in the time of the census or the municipal census.
- Population of law: a set of people registered or legally resident in a municipality in the time of a census or a municipal census. - Population density of the population relates to its surface area in km ². Its formula is population / area in km ².
- Natural movement: The increase or decrease of the population of a place of natural causes,...

Public Officials and the Role of the Town Hall

The most important urban actor is the town hall. As a political body, it develops actions to improve and develop the services and comfort of the city. Its responsibilities include the establishment of general plans for urban development, basic sanitation, the urban environment, cleanliness, and security. Often, the city also hosts other public authorities, such as county and regional councils.

Private Agents and Civic Organizations

Business associations aim to defend the interests of local entrepreneurs. Unions also act within the city, with the mission to defend the rights of workers. Additionally, there are non-profit civic associations with very different profiles, ranging from specific to general...

Inshore Fishing

Catching fish near the coast, usually performed by the artisanal fleet.

Longline Fisheries

Fishing gear consisting of a main line with branch lines and hanging hooks.

Polyculture

Growing multiple crops on a farm or within traditional agricultural landscapes, such as those in the North Peninsula.

LEADER Program

A European project started in 1991 for rural areas affected by the conversion generated by the CAP. It provides grants to create innovative solutions for rural development, such as rural tourism.

Agrarian Reform

An agrarian policy aimed at modifying the structural characteristics of agriculture, especially land ownership systems. During the Second Republic in Spain, a law on agrarian reform was adopted and implemented in the Republican...

Key Concepts in Agriculture and Fishing

Padding (Mulching): A culture technique consisting of a plastic overlay on cultivated land where spaces have been drilled for the development of plants.

Agrarian Activity: Joint work performed by human beings to obtain products from the Earth, including agriculture, livestock, and fisheries.

Aquaculture: The art of cultivating aquatic plants or animals in order to carry out a controlled collection.

Agricultural Production: The set of activities developed in the field for the production of vegetables. The busiest agricultural areas of Spain are located in Extremadura, Castile and León, and Castile-La Mancha.

Ecological Farming: A compendium of farming techniques which excludes the use of chemicals, synthetic...

The Civilian Government of Primo de Rivera (1925-1930)

In September 1925, the military directory was replaced by a civilian government. This introduced a civil government led by the Patriotic Union (a single party), with some military personnel remaining. A corporate system was established, based on two key institutions.

Political and Economic Institutions

The new corporate system was built on two pillars:

• The National Consultative Assembly (Political): Established in 1927, it was comprised of 400 members from the country's elites, chosen by direct, limited suffrage to draft a new constitution. The final project in 1929 was rejected for granting enormous powers to the king, denying national sovereignty and the division of powers, and limiting popular

The Reign of Isabella II (1833–1868)

The reign of Isabella II spanned the years 1833 to 1868, characterized by distinct political periods:

Political Periods of Isabella II's Reign

• The Moderate Decade (1844–1854): Governed under the new Constitution of 1845.
• The Progressive Biennium (1854–1856): A new constitution was drafted in 1856, but it was never published or enacted.
• The Collapse of the Monarchy (1856–1868): These years saw an alternation in power between the Moderate Liberals and the Liberal Union.

The Revolutionary Sexennium (1868–1874)

In 1866, Democrats, Liberals, and Progressives signed the Pact of Ostend. The revolution triumphed in 1868, leading to the Queen's exile. Between 1869 and 1874, the state experienced two distinct forms...