Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Baccalaureate

Economic Reasons

Economic reasons were the result of the expansion of industrial capitalism and were based on:

• The control of areas where established markets ensured a monopoly in the placement of industrial products.
• The exploration and conquest of areas where raw materials and sources of energy could be obtained in abundant and inexpensive form.
• The use of unskilled labor, cheap and docile (sometimes slave), which reduced the costs of extracting raw materials and contributed to the success of plantation agriculture.
• Exploring new territories in which to invest the excess accumulated capital. (Although recent research has shown that this was not a major cause of imperialist economic expansion.)

Demographic Reasons

In the period between 1850 and 1900...

Internal Migration in Spain: Historical and Contemporary Trends

Traditional Internal Migration (19th Century – 1975)

Traditional internal migration in Spain developed between the 19th century and the 1975 crisis. Peasants primarily moved for employment purposes, relocating to other agricultural areas and industrial cities.

Types of Traditional Migration

• Seasonal and Temporary Migration: The rural population performed seasonal movements to other rural areas when fields were less mechanized, or took temporary trips to cities during off-seasons to perform other tasks.
• Rural Exodus: A permanent or long-lasting migration from rural to urban areas. Migrants typically originated from underdeveloped regions dominated by primary activities and moved toward

Implications of Land Confiscation

A) Mendizábal Disentailment (1836)

Social Implications:

• Secularization occurred, but land reform was insufficient socially.
• It did not significantly increase the number of landowners.

Economic Implications:

• Although one objective was to improve production, it was not achieved.
• Productivity and techniques did not advance; they remained backward.
• The only positive outcome was an increase in agricultural production by bringing previously uncultivated land into use, allocating this production to the market rather than consumption.

Political Implications:

• The liberal regime was consolidated.
• An important sector was secured to support the liberal, capitalist cause.

Religious Implications:

• After the 1837 confiscation legislation,

Mediterranean Agricultural Landscapes

This region includes the coastline and Mediterranean littoral, the valley of the Guadalquivir, and the Balearic Islands. It features a rugged terrain and a coastal Mediterranean climate with very little rainfall in summer.

a) Agrarian Structure

• A large population density.
• The property is very divided. Small and medium-sized properties are found in Valencia, Murcia, and Catalonia, while medium-sized and large companies predominate in Western Andalusia.
• The land uses are diverse.

b) Agriculture

There is great differentiation between irrigated and rainfed crops.

• Irrigated crops are favored by high temperatures, mild sunstroke, the protection of relief, the existence of suitable soils, and a significant international