Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Baccalaureate

🐟 Tuna, Cucumber, Radish & Ponzu

🍇 2024 Albariño – Gerardo Méndez, Rías Baixas

Grape: Albariño
Vinification: Stainless steel; short lees aging.
Profile: Lime, green apple, sea spray, high natural acidity.

🌰 Chestnut Soup, Truffle & Parsley

🍇 2017 Riesling “Alte Reben” – von Oetinger, Rheingau

Grape: Riesling
Vinification: Stainless steel; long bottle aging.
Profile: Dried citrus, herbs, stone, subtle petrol notes.

🥟 Braised Beef Ravioli, Spinach & Nut Butter

🍇 2015 Grüner Veltliner “Schaffenfeld” Smaragd – Graben-Gritsch, Wachau

Grape: Grüner Veltliner
Vinification: Stainless steel; long lees aging.
Profile: Yellow apple, white pepper, herbs, mineral depth.

🐠 Fish of the Day, Pumpkin, Ginger & Char

TYPE OF TEXT: Primary Source

As regards the form, it's a law - legal text/terms. For content - economic text.

AUTHOR

Liberal Progressive Government, at the proposal of the Ministry of Development + approved by Cortes + Isabel II (Queen)

ADDRESSEE

All the Spaniards, so it is a public text.

Introduction

OBJECTIVE

Attract foreign capital to boost the construction of the railway in Spain.

LOCATION + DATE

Aranjuez, published in “”/Located in the process of “Vicalvarada” to Progressive Biennium 1854-56

Main Idea

Boost the construction of the railway in Spain + the need to attract foreign capital.

Introduction

The law - approved in Cortes is ratified by Isabel II, Queen of Spain.

Articles

Their object is to regulate the general service of the rail network....

Origins of the State

A leader who gains power by controlling food distribution can transform a pre-state society into a state. A state is a form of centralized political society where power is concentrated in ruling elites who possess the authority to force subordinates to pay taxes, serve, and obey the law.

Conditions for State Formation

Historical analysis reveals three essential conditions that lead to the emergence of states:

• Population Growth: There is a critical demographic threshold essential for the concentration of power.
• Intensive Agriculture: The staple of ancient states was always a cereal—such as rice, wheat, barley, or maize—capable of providing a surplus, which allows for political control and storage.
• Circumscription: Early states

Socio-economic Developments

The Stabilization Plan

The economic reform launched in 1959 aimed to achieve strong growth, rapid industrialization and to connect the Spanish economy to international markets. The stabilization plan was designed along the lines recommended by the IMF and World Bank. It promoted a free economy by removing red tape, cutting public spending and opening to external trade. The plan began with a series of restrictive measures.

The Economic Development of the Sixties

The results were immediate. The Spanish economy grew at a high pace, driven mainly by expansion of the industrial and service sectors, which led to a profound change in Spanish society.

The industrial expansion was based on low wages and massive inflows of foreign...

b) List and Explain Changes in Imbalances Between Map Dates (2.5 points)

As noted in the first map, the most dynamic areas in the 1960s were the Mediterranean coast and suburbs, where industry was initially located, leading to economic agglomeration in Madrid. Here, industry and tertiary functions were added to the state capital, making it the main financial center. During the 1970s, new dynamic areas emerged in the Ebro Axis (Industry) and the Balearic and Canary Islands, favored by tourism development.

The economic crisis of 1975 ended the supremacy of industry as the primary factor explaining regional imbalances. Industrial regions suffered a deep crisis, especially the coast and, to a lesser extent, Catalonia. Conversely, the crisis had less...

The Discovery of America

In the late Middle Ages, a series of conditions associated with the Renaissance led to the discovery of the Americas: the growth of trade, the development of navigational instruments, and improvements in mapmaking.

In 1486, Christopher Columbus presented his project to reach the Indies to the Catholic Monarchs. In April 1492 the Capitulations of Santa Fe were signed (a contract by which the Crown agreed to finance the enterprise and to compensate Columbus for the benefits to be derived; Columbus received multiple titles).

The journey began on August 3, 1492, under the command of Christopher Columbus with the aid of the Pinzón brothers and Juan de la Cosa. The nao Santa María and the caravels Pinta and Niña made landfall...

A) The Crisis of the Old Regime

The bourgeoisie spearheaded a transformation of immense scope, dismantling the political and social order by suppressing the absolute monarchy. Consequently, the traditional estate society gave way to a class-based society, and the bourgeois mentality replaced the criteria of the old aristocratic regime.

Liberalism became the foundational doctrine for the bourgeoisie, introducing a new model of political and social organization born from the French Revolution. The existence of a written constitution justified the new bourgeois state, characterized by:

• Division of powers: Executive, legislative, and judicial.
• National sovereignty: The source of political authority.
• Legal equality: Equal rights for all citizens and

Decrees of new plant and purpose of the Councils: Felipe V won the Nueva Planta decrees as a set of arrangements to get to impose political and administrative organization of Castile to the territories of the Crown of Aragon, so he created a model in Spain uniformity and centralized (with the exception of Navarra and Basque Country) disappear outside the territories of the Crown of Aragon, also abolished the Courts of integrating the different kingdoms of Castile in the later form the Cortes of Spain, and finally was used to abolish the Council of Aragon and it took the Council of Castile. So the Crown of Aragon, by not supporting the king Felipe V in the War of Succession (1700-1713), lost most of their privileges and charters, and also imposed...

The migration: Migration is the movement of people in space. Emigration: departure of people from their place of origin. Immigration: the arrival of people to a link destination. The migratory balance: balance between immigration and emigration.

Internal migration are population movements within the borders of the country.

Traditional internal migrations are characterized by: the motivation was primarily labor migration. The flows were unidirectional. The characteristic profile of emigrants was the young people. These migration peaked between the last third of the nineteenth and early 1960.En some cases were seasonal and other movements were Tempoal. The rural exodus took place between 1900 and 1975: in the first third of the twentieth century...