Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Primary education

Useful English-Polish Phrases for Everyday Conversation

Below you will find a collection of useful English phrases with their Polish translations, grouped by function: speculating, expressing opinions, describing sequences, asking for help, agreeing and disagreeing, and more.

Speculating and Guessing

• I don’t think… – Nie sądzę, że…

• It’s probably… – To jest prawdopodobnie…

• It’s likely to be… – To prawdopodobnie…

• I imagine… – Przypuszczam, że…

• Maybe / Perhaps it’s… – Być może to…

• Judging by…, I’d say… – Sądząc po…, powiedziałabym, że…

• My guess is that… – Domyślam się, że…

• The … suggests that… – … sugeruje, że…

• I’m pretty / almost sure… – Jestem prawie / całkiem pewna…

• It

Plot Summary of A Christmas Carol

The Beginning

• Scrooge is visited by his nephew, Fred.
• Scrooge threatens to fire his employee, Bob Cratchit.
• Two charity collectors visit Scrooge in his office.
• The ghost of Jacob Marley visits Scrooge. He enters with chains to warn Scrooge that he has the chance to escape his fate and will be haunted by three spirits.

The Ghost of Christmas Past

• The Ghost of Christmas Past (appearing as light/fire with a cap) visits Scrooge to show him his past.
• Scrooge sees himself as a young boy, alone at school.
• Mr. Fezziwig hosts a Christmas party.
• Scrooge's fiancée releases him from his promise.

The Ghost of Christmas Present

• The Ghost of Christmas Present (a giant wearing a gold robe and a scabbard without a sword, wearing a crown

William Henry “Bill” Gates

Early Life and Family

William Henry Gates, also known as “Bill”, has established himself as the richest man in the world.

He is the youngest self-made billionaire, and perhaps the best businessman in the world. Bill Gates is important because he did not only change computer technology in America, but also created the biggest, strongest, richest, and most powerful company in the world.

Bill was born on October 28, 1955. His parents, Mary and Bill, had one other daughter, Kristi.

Early Programming and Education

Gates began his career in PC software, programming computers at age 13.

As to his education, he attended a well-known private school in Seattle, Washington called Lakeside. At Lakeside, he met his future business...

Dimmesdale's Anguish and the Second Scaffold Scene

Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to a deathbed when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene....

Rasselas: Episodes 35–43 — Reunion and the Astronomer

Princess, Pekuah, and the Search Continues

35. The princess is disheartened by Pekuah's absence. Rasselas hires musicians and makes every effort to amuse her, but is not successful. All the while she asks Imlac about the search. Imlac tells her to amuse herself and be entertained, to which she replies that she will always remember her friend. Rasselas orders a more diligent search to calm the princess and remove from her mind the idea of isolation.

36. The princess recovers from the loss of her friend, albeit reluctantly. She occupies her mind with other activities and reserves an hour each day to remember her friend. She preserves her love for Pekuah, and asks Imlac to continue the search....

English Synonym Pairs and Semantic Differences

16) Easy versus Facile

Easy: needing little effort.

Facile: describes a remark or theory that is too simple and has not been thought about enough: as much as is necessary; in the amount or to the degree needed.

17) Loneliness and Solitude

Loneliness: the state of being lonely.

Solitude: the situation of being alone without other people in a comfortable way.

18) To Replace versus To Substitute

To replace: to take the place of something, or to put something or someone in the place of something or someone else.

To substitute: to use something or someone instead of another thing or person.

19) Deep versus Profound

Deep: going or being a long way down from the top or surface, or being of a particular distance...

Passive Voice Transformations

• 2.1. Present Simple: Active: John writes the letter. Passive: The letter is written by John.
• 2.2. Present Continuous: Active: John is writing the letter. Passive: The letter is being written by John.
• 2.3. Past Simple: Active: John wrote the letter. Passive: The letter was written by John.
• 2.4. Past Continuous: Active: John was writing the letter. Passive: The letter was being written by John.
• 2.5. Present Perfect: Active: John has written the letter. Passive: The letter has been written by John.
• 2.6. Past Perfect: Active: John had written the letter. Passive: The letter had been written by John.
• 2.7. Future (Will): Active: John will write the letter. Passive: The letter will be written by John.
• 2.8. Future (Going to):

WOULD

§Affirmative: I would organize a clean up day.

§Negative: I wouldn´t throw garbage on streets.

§Questions: What would you do to make it better place?

 CONDITIONAL TYPE 2.

§We use if I were you… when we want to give advice.

§If I were you, I would + bare infinitive.

could

                      might

§ If you work hard, you will have a better chance of getting good grades

§ If I were you, I would quit the school team And join a local team instead.

                               could

                               might

PRESENT PERFECT

 § Actions Which started in the past and continue to the present.

§ Actions that happened in the past and we can see their...

My Summer Holiday Plans in Nerja

Hello, my name is Florencio, and in this writing, I would like to talk about where to go next summer. I am considering the option of going to Nerja (Málaga) because this city is thought to have the best climate in Europe. When I asked my friends for their opinion, they said that it was a very good option. If we definitely decide to go to Nerja, I will try to visit a lot of monuments, we will go to the beach, and we will take photos in order to have some souvenirs. We will also go out at night to enjoy the weather, and we will buy gifts for our family. I think we will have a great time this summer!

Memories of My Last Vacation in Nerja

Hello, my name is Florencio, and in this writing, I would like to talk about...