Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Employment training and career guidance for Vocational training

Business Vocabulary

• Servicio al cliente: Customer service
• Sales forecast: Pronóstico de ventas
• Multinational
• Trainer
• Servicio técnico: Technical service
• Sales pitch: Lanzamiento de venta
• B&B
• Customer complaint
• Mayorista: Wholesaler
• Advertisement: Anuncio publicitario
• Supermarket
• IT department
• Minorista: Retailer
• Display area: Zona de exposición
• Hotel
• Waist
• Bolsa de la compra: Shopping bag
• Insurance: Seguro
• Notary teacher
• Lab technician

Grammar Exercises

Reported Speech

• That it was interesting
• That it was dirty
• That he waited for the sale
• That I was tired
• That he was hungry
• That he didn't spend the money
• That I wasn't very tall
• That she was quiet
• It was very cold
• I was late
• That she didn't shout
• I was sad
• I wasn't annoyed
• She was afraid of spiders

Used To

• Used to live
• Didn'

Essential Business English Vocabulary

Enhance your understanding of key business terms with this comprehensive English-to-Spanish glossary.

• Stock exchange: La bolsa
• Shareholders: Accionistas
• Assets / shares: Acciones de bolsa. Can be bought on the stock exchange.
• Likely to: Tener la probabilidad de
• Sole trader / Sole proprietor: Autónomo
• Management: Gestión
• To manage (v): Gestionar
• Debts: Deudas
• To set up / to settle / to start a business (v): Empezar, establecer un negocio
• Profits / benefits: Beneficios
• Losses: Pérdidas
• To appoint (v): Nombrar a
• Headquarters (pl) / main office: Sede central
• Branches: Sucursales
• Subsidiary: Sucursal, filial
• To found a business (v): Fundar una empresa
• Dotcoms: Online companies, haven't got a physical company.
• Franchising /

Verb Tenses and Forms

PreS - 1º / s - p - are + 3º column. Present Continuous (PC) - to be + -ing. Past Simple (PastS) - 2º - P - to be past + 3º. Past Continuous (PastC) - to be past + -ing - P - to be past + -ing + 3º. Future (Futu) - will + infinitive - P - will be + 3º. Be going to (BeGT) - be going to – P - are going to + be + 3º. Present Perfect (PrePer) - have/has + 3º - P - have + been + 3º. Past Perfect (PastP) - had + 3º - P - had been + 3º.

Conditionals: First, Second and Third

• 1st conditional: IF + subject + verb (present) / subject + WILL + INFINITIVE.
• 2nd conditional: IF + subject + verb (past) / subject + WOULD + INFINITIVE.
• 3rd conditional: IF + subject + past perfect (had + past participle) / subject + WOULD + HAVE

Stressful Situations

• Going to the dentist
• Queuing in the supermarket
• Being stuck in a traffic jam
• Going to the hairdresser
• Finding a place to park
• Organizing a party
• Having an interview
• Making a speech
• Being afraid of flying
• Making a presentation to senior executives
• Leading a formal meeting
• Telephoning in English
• Writing a text with a tight deadline
• Negotiating a very valuable contract
• Asking your boss for a pay raise
• Dealing with a customer who has a major complaint
• Getting lost
• During the sales period
• During exam periods
• On the first date

High Levels of Stress

• Smoking a lot
• Losing your hair
• Your heart beats quickly
• Biting your nails
• Sweating profusely
• Shaking/trembling
• Eating a lot of sweets
• Not eating at all

Relaxation Techniques

• Walking
• Playing sports
• Reading
• Having a

Office Duties

• Answer incoming calls = atender trucades de invitados
• Data entry = introduir dades
• Deliver the message = entregar el mensaje
• Distribute the incoming mail = distribuir el correu
• File documents = arxivar documents
• Keep a log = mantenir un registre
• Order supplies = pedir suministros
• Schedule a meeting = programar una reunió
• Screen a call = filtrar trucades
• Send a fax = enviar un fax
• Show someone around = mostrar algo a algú
• Type agendas = escriure a l'agenda
• Update a mailing list = actualitzar una llista de correu
• Word processing = processador de textos

Office Supplies

• A box of = una caja de
• A sheet of = un full de (packet, pair, roll)
• Air conditioner = aire acondicionado
• Coat rack = perchero
• Filing cabinet = archivador
• Shredder = trituradora
• Waste

Business Taxes Overview

Understanding the core taxes applicable to business individuals and companies is essential for legal compliance and financial management.

IAE (Economic Activities Tax)

Applicable to business individuals and legal entities. Companies and individuals do not have to pay this tax if their turnover is under one million euros.

IS (Corporate Tax)

Taxes applied to corporate profits at a rate of 35%. Must be accounted for quarterly (four times a year).

Income Tax

Used to compute and declare business profits:

• Direct estimation: Calculated based on ordinary records. Mandatory if invoicing exceeds 600,000 euros.
• Simplified estimation: Voluntary for businesses invoicing under 600,000 euros, appearing in the EHA.

Value Added Tax (VAT)

A consumer...

Office Positions and Directions

• Accounts assistant: ayudante de contabilidad
• Chief executive officer: consejero delegado
• Financial director: director financiero
• Financial supervisor: supervisor financiero
• Head of IT: jefe de informática / informático
• Human resources director: director de recursos humanos (RRHH)
• Junior administrative assistant: auxiliar administrativo junior
• Marketing director: director de marketing
• Operations director: director de operaciones
• Personal assistant: asistente personal
• Personnel manager: gerente / director de personal
• Production team leader: jefe del equipo de producción
• Sales representative: representante de ventas
• Senior administrative assistant: auxiliar administrativo senior
• Senior management: alta dirección
• Staff: personal

Tres barreiras fronte ás infeccións

1.º nivel de defensa: as barreiras externas

As barreiras externas constitúen o primeiro nivel de defensa.

2.º nivel de defensa: as defensas internas inespecíficas

Se o primeiro nivel é superado, actúan as defensas internas inespecíficas. Teñen resposta inmunitaria innata. Esta inmunidade inespecífica actúa igual sobre calquera axente agresor e non varía a intensidade da súa resposta, aínda que se repita a agresión.

3.º nivel de defensa: a resposta inmune adaptativa

Se o segundo nivel é superado, entra en acción a resposta inmune adaptativa. Esta é específica, porque provoca a formación dun efector contra cada patóxeno en particular.

Respostas inespecíficas (1.º e 2.º nivel)

As respostas...

Exame C

Variables categóricas y continuas

cate <- c('cylinders','model_year','origin')

cont <- setdiff(names(autompg), cate)

for(col in cate) autompg[,col] <- as.factor(autompg[,col])

Diagrama de cajas de variables categóricas

par(mfrow=c(1,2))

boxplot(autompg$mpg, main = 'mpg boxplot')

boxplot(mpg ~ cylinders, data = autompg, col = c('red','blue','green','brown','yellow'), main = 'mpg by cylinders')

abline(h = mean(autompg$mpg), lty = 2, lwd = 3)

abline(h = median(autompg$mpg), lty = 1, lwd = 3)

Histograma de variables continuas

par(mfrow=c(1,2))

hist(autompg$acceleration, main = 'acceleration histogram', xlab = 'acceleration')

abline(v = mean(autompg$acceleration), lty = 2, col = 'red')

abline(v = median(autompg$acceleration), lty = 1, col = 'red')

boxplot(...