Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Employment training and career guidance

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect: The car(s) has/have been designed.

Past Perfect: The car(s) had been designed.

Future Perfect: The car(s) will have been designed.

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional

Structure: If + Present Simple + Future Simple

Usage: Real or possible situations.

Examples:

• If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
• If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.
• If she doesn't call you, you can call her.
• If you work hard, you may become a millionaire someday.
• If they don't invite you, you must not go.

Second Conditional

Structure: If + Past Simple + would/could/might + verb

Usage: Hypothetical situations.

Examples:

• If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro.
• If it were not raining, we could go out.
• If they worked for that company, they might

Key Incoterms and Responsibility Definitions

ExW – Ex Works

The delivery takes place at the seller’s premises. This term represents the minimum obligation for the seller.

• Delivery Location: Seller’s premises.
• Seller's Risk/Cost: The seller will not assume any type of risk.
• Buyer's Risk/Cost: Transport, freight, taxes, and insurance belong entirely to the buyer.
• Governing Law: Laws of the place of the seller’s premises are followed.
• Example: ExW Madrid

FCA – Free Carrier

The seller delivers the goods, prepared for export, to the buyer’s nominated carrier at the specified place. This Incoterm requires specifying the exact location where the delivery will take place.

• Delivery Point: Specified place where the goods are handed to the carrier.
• Cost

English-Spanish Business Vocabulary

Unit 2

5. To motivate: motivar = To inspire (incentivar)

• Motivation: motivación
• Motivational: motivador, motivacional
• Motivated: motivado
• Highly motivated: super motivado, entusiasta
• Motivational skills: habilidades/capacidad de motivación
• Motivation techniques: técnicas de motivación
• To encourage (syn.): animar, alentar

6. Objective: objetivo o meta (goal/aim/target).

• Set (fijar, establecer) / fix (fijar) / establish / achieve (alcanzar) / meet (alcanzar) objectives (collocations).

7. Staff: personal. (Syn.: personnel, employees, workers).

• to staff: proveer de personal.
• Staff morale: la moral del personal
• Staff turnover: rotación de personal

8. Subordinate: subordinado.

• To subordinate: subordinar.

9. To supervise: supervisar.

The Fortune-Teller

The fortune-teller el adivino John, look. There's a fortune-teller in that tent. Let's go in. John, mira. Hay una adivina en esa tienda. Entremos. Welcome boys. I'm Miss Larissa. Have a seat. What would you like to know? Bienvenidos chicos. Soy la señorita Larissa. Toma asiento. ¿Qué te gustaría saber? Of course not. It's just for fun. Come on. Por supuesto no. Es solo por diversión. Venga. You can't be serious Don't tell me you actually believe that stuff! No puedes estar en serio No me digas que realmente crees eso! You'll also get married and have two beautiful children. También te casarás y tendrás dos hermosos hijos. Will I be successful? ¿Seré exitoso? Hmm my crystal ball says that you'll become a doctor. Hmm...

Unit 3: Understanding the Passive Voice

Passive Voice Formation Across English Tenses

The passive voice is formed using the verb to be + the past participle of the main verb.

1. Present Simple Tense

• Active: Farmers grow food.
• Passive: Food is grown by farmers.

2. Present Continuous Tense

• Active: They are making a film.
• Passive: A film is being made.

3. Present Perfect Tense

• Active: Scientists have discovered a new planet.
• Passive: A new planet has been discovered by scientists.

4. Past Simple Tense

• Active: The police arrested him.
• Passive: He was arrested by the police.

5. Past Continuous Tense

• Active: They were planning the next party.
• Passive: The next party was being planned.

6. Past Perfect Tense

• Active: Someone had stolen my car.
• Passive: My car had been

This sentence is true. According to the text, the text states that, because the text states that. Nowadays (it is a well-known fact, everyone agrees that), in general, as far as we know (the question is whether this is good for everyone). There are several reasons why I would choose this type of place.

• On the one hand, firstly, secondly
• On the other hand, in contrast, besides, many people (think/do)

(let us now move on to, another factor to take into account is, and that is not all, as I see it, I'm of the point that, and I shall take as an example, it can be seen that .. there is, it is a fact that, it can be assumed that, it is clear that, without a doubt, it is hard to believe that, from my point of view,)

To sum up I would like to say that,

Essential Business Idioms

• To put in a nutshell: To explain clearly and concisely.
• To get straight to the point: To talk about the most important issues.
• To hear it on the grapevine: To receive information from a third party or rumor.
• To put someone in the picture/loop: To provide the latest information.
• To get the wrong end of the stick: To misunderstand something.
• To be on the same wavelength: To share the same opinions or ideas.
• Can’t make head nor tail of it: To not understand anything.
• To talk at cross-purposes: To misunderstand someone.
• To beat about the bush: To delay talking about the main point.

Business Vocabulary

Marketing and Strategy

Marketing: Mix, strategy, plan, campaign. Market: Adaptation, penetration, segmentation, leader, survey, sector....

1a Acronym

Acronyms are abbreviations formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word.

1b Stereotypes

Stereotypes are widely held but fixed and oversimplified ideas or images of a particular type of person or thing.

1c Teambuilding

Teambuilding refers to activities designed to enhance social relations and define roles within a team.

1d Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, body language, and other forms of communication without the use of words.

1e Attention, Interest, Desire, Action

The Attention, Interest, Desire, Action (AIDA) model is a marketing communication model that outlines the steps a consumer goes through when making a purchasing decision.

2a When a Company Offers a

OBLIGATION

Must ++ deber : eterno, leyes

Have to: obligacion dia a dia : no hay obligacion

Must (deber) y Can't (poder): cuando algo esta prohibido

Should (deberia): sugerencia

POSIBILIDAD

Could: (podria) cuando algo es posible

May: (puede) cuando algo es posible

Can't/Cannot: cuando es imposible

CERTEZA

Will/Won't: algo que es seguro que va a pasar

Should: (ocurrira) retonadamente cierto

Pasado Perfecto: (modals)

- modals + has/have + tercera columna

PASSIVE