Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Employment training and career guidance for Baccalaureate

English Relative Clauses: Essential Grammar Rules

Defining Relative Clauses

Las cláusulas relativas defining aportan información esencial sobre la persona, lugar o cosa a la que se refiere el hablante. Sin esta información, el significado de la oración sería incompleto o ambiguo.

Relative Pronouns and Adverbs for Defining Clauses

• Persona: who
• Cosa: that / which
• Lugar: where
• Tiempo: when
• Posesión: whose

Omission of Relative Pronouns

El pronombre relativo se puede omitir solo en las cláusulas defining cuando hace la función de complemento. El pronombre whose nunca se puede omitir.

Ejemplo:

• He is the man who we met yesterday in the supermarket.
• He is the man we met yesterday in the supermarket. (El pronombre 'who' se omite)

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Las...

Essential English Vocabulary

• Accomplishment: èxit / assoliment
• A good sport: que té esportivitat
• Affluent: que té molts diners
• Amount: quantitat
• Afford: permetre econòmicament
• Background: procedència
• Bad loser: mal perdedor
• Bargain: ganga
• Beat: guanyar
• Borrowing: agafar en préstec
• Broke: bancarrota
• Beyond my reach: fora de l’abast
• Can’t help: no poder evitar
• Confidence in: confiança en
• Charge: cobrar
• Cash: diners en efectiu
• Catch up with: atrapar
• Cost of living: cost de vida
• Defeat: derrota
• Devote: dedicar-se
• Discount: descompte
• Draw: empat
• Distressing: que t’amoïna
• Exchanging: intercanvi
• Effect on: efecte en
• Enhance: millorar
• Excel: destacar
• Flee: fugir
• Gift: talent / regal
• Grateful: agraït
• Go in for: practicar / estar interessat
• Guidance: consell / orientació
• Hold

Present Tenses

Present Simple (Habits and Routines)

Uses: always, usually, often, never, sometimes, every year, once a day, twice a month.

• Affirmative: Subject + verb (+s/es)
• Negative: Subject + don't/doesn't + verb
• Interrogative: Do/does + subject + verb?

Present Continuous (Actions in Progress)

Uses: Actions happening at the moment.

• Affirmative: Subject + am/are/is + verb-ing
• Negative: Subject + am not/aren't/isn't + verb-ing
• Interrogative: Am/are/is + subject + verb-ing?

Past Tenses

Past Simple (Completed Actions)

Uses: yesterday, for, last night, when, since, before, as soon as, after.

• Affirmative: Subject + verb-ed / 2nd column
• Interrogative: Did + subject + verb (base form)?

Past Continuous (Actions in Process)

Uses: Used when one action is interrupted...

English Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: Do/Does (he, she) + infinitive (e.g., Yo juego)
• Present Continuous: To be + -ing (e.g., Yo estoy jugando)
• Present Perfect Simple: Have/Has + 3rd column (e.g., Yo he jugado)
• Present Perfect Continuous: Have/Has + been + -ing (e.g., He estado jugando)
• Past Simple: 2nd column / didn't / Did...? (e.g., Yo jugué)
• Past Continuous: Was/Were (you, we, they) + -ing
• Past Perfect Simple: Had + 2nd column / Hadn't (e.g., Había estudiado)
• Past Perfect Continuous: Had + been + -ing (e.g., Había estado jugando)
• Be going to: To be + going to + infinitive (e.g., Voy a jugar)
• Will: Will + infinitive / Won't (e.g., Jugaré)

Modal Verbs

• Can: Poder (possibility or ability)
• Could: Podía (past possibility or ability)
• May/Might: Podría (

Adjectives + Prepositions

Afraid of (miedo de), annoyed with (molesto con), different from (diferente de), famous for, good at, surprised at (sorprendido por), sick of (cansado de), interested in, involved in (involucrado en), keen on (continuar en), proud of, sad about (triste por), serious about, wrong with (mal con)

Verbs

• Say: Something, sorry, hello, yes
• Speak: Well, to someone, in public, slowly, loudly, clearly
• Tell: A joke, a lie, a story, something, a secret, what to do, the truth

Phrasal Verbs

Dress up (vestirse), splash out on (derrochar en), take back (devolver), try on (probarse), go on (continuar), shut up, call off (cancelar), catch up with (ponerse al día con), throw up, fall over (caer), grow up (crecer), make up (compensar, hacer...

Common English Phrasal Verbs

• Slim down: aprimar-se
• Wipe out: erradicar
• Come down with: agafar un costipat
• Show up: presentar-se
• Break out: esclatar
• Be going on: passar/ocórrer
• Kick in: fer efecte
• Come round: passar per
• Pull through: sortir-se'n
• Keep on: seguir
• Run into: topar-se amb
• Turn down: rebutjar
• Put on: posar-se (roba)
• Use up: consumir/gastar
• Pull (something) off: ajornar/aplaçar
• Look after: tenir cura de
• Carry out: complir
• Cheer (someone) up: alegrar
• Pass out: desmaiar-se
• Call off: suspendre/cancel·lar
• Go away: desaparèixer
• Come round: anar
• Put down: deixar anar
• Pick up: passar a buscar
• Bring up: dur/criar
• Back up: donar suport/fer marxa enrere
• Break in: entrar a robar/interrompre
• Turn in: entregar-se/anar al llit
• Go in: passar/continuar
• Take off: treure's la

First Day at School: A Child's Perspective

This section describes the first day of school for a small, three-year-old boy. He experiences feelings of fear, loneliness, confusion, and feeling tiny. As a young child, he perceives other children as very big and observes them playing aggressive games, often excluding him.

He misunderstands the concept of a 'teacher,' believing she is 'the girl who serves tea' (tea-cher). Initially, he believes school fences are there to keep out monsters or wolves. However, he later reflects on whether their true purpose is to keep the children away from school.

Key Vocabulary from "First Day at School"

• Be/feel at home: sentir-se com a casa (to feel at home)
• Rough: aspre, agressiu (harsh, aggressive)
• Swallow up: amenaça