Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Visual arts and art education for Baccalaureate

Donatello's David: A Renaissance Icon

Despite being a biblical character, Donatello's *David* is interpreted from a perspective consistent with the humanist view of the new times. David represents the triumph of logic and reason over the brute force symbolized by Goliath. This theme was highly favored in the Renaissance.

This is a freestanding sculpture, made in the round using bronze, and therefore created with the lost-wax casting technique. It represents a pensive teenager in a curious composition. He has Goliath's head at his feet and blatantly rests on his right leg, while curving his body to the left, smoothly forming an 'S' curve, in accordance with the classical model of Praxiteles.

The composition is in *contrapposto*. The body sways...

Passive Voice Transformations

The passive voice is formed by changing the focus from the subject to the object. Note: In English, the object pronoun for 'he' is 'him'.

• Present Simple: He makes the clothes → The clothes are made by him.
• Past Simple: He made the clothes → The clothes were made by him.
• Future Simple: He will make the clothes → The clothes will be made by him.
• Conditional: He would make the clothes → The clothes would be made by him.
• Present Perfect Simple: He has made the clothes → The clothes have been made by him.
• Past Perfect Simple: He had made the clothes → The clothes had been made by him.
• Future Perfect Simple: He will have made the clothes → The clothes will have been made by him.
• Past Conditional: He would have made

Simple Present

El presente simple puede expresar una acción que ocurre en el presente.

Affirmative form

I read books

We sing pop songs

I play handball

My brother reads books

She sings pop songs

John plays handball

Negative form

Usar el do en su forma negativa.

I don't like computers at all

My mum doesn't like computers at all

Question

Usar el auxiliar do.

Do you play football?
Does he play football?

Simple Past

Se utiliza para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado.

- With regular verbs: infinitive + -ed

Affirmative form

I played football

We visited Alaska last year

I went to the cinema

We were in Rome yesterday

Negative form

Usar siempre el auxiliar did en su forma negativa.

I didn't play football

He didn't play football

Question

Usar...

Ancient Egyptian Artistic Expression

Egyptian Sculpture: Materials and Forms

Artistic expression was prominent in Egypt. The most used materials were hard stone and granite. Sculptures were also made in wood and bronze.

Types of Sculptural Representation

Egyptian sculpture is categorized into two main types:

• Relief: Appears in tombs and temples as an essential element of architecture. Its purpose was to proclaim the virtues and powers of the gods, and to depict the daily work of the Egyptians. The technique used was that of raised relief and sunk relief (recess, or cut into the stone).
• Statuary: Highlights freestanding (exempt) and monumental sculptures.

Features of Statuary

Its main feature is the inscrutable attitude, characterized by a certain rigidity...

Triangle Centers

Incenter

The angle bisectors of a triangle are the lines that divide the interior angles into two equal parts. The three bisectors intersect at a point equidistant from the three sides, called the incenter, which serves as the center of the inscribed circle.

Circumcenter

The perpendicular bisectors are lines perpendicular to the sides of a triangle at their midpoints. These three lines intersect at a point called the circumcenter, which is equidistant from the three vertices and acts as the center of the circumcircle. The circumcenter can be located inside or outside the triangle.

Centroid

The medians are segments joining a vertex with the midpoint of the opposite side. They intersect at a point called the centroid, which represents...

Color Ranges and Psychological Effects

Cold Color Ranges

Colors: Turquoise, cyan, blue, and violet.

White is often defined in relation to these colors but is not considered a color in itself; it is also associated with coldness.

These colors affect the whole body by stimulating the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system. They have a sedative effect, promoting calmness and passivity.

Bodily Inhibition Examples:

• Decrease in heart rate.
• Stimulation of digestion.

Warm Color Ranges

Colors: Magenta, red, orange, yellow, and lime green.

These colors have a stimulating effect on the entire body, acting positively on the nervous system. They express positive qualities and produce feelings of joy, activity, movement, and heat.

Contrast Composition

Simultaneous

To select colors, simply click on the color button. This action opens a window displaying all available colors within the Color Palette Panel.

Applying Colors to Text

To change the color of text within your document, follow these steps:

1. Select the text or text block you wish to modify.
2. Click the Fill Color option in the Properties Inspector.
3. Choose a color from the color window that appears.

Managing Color Palettes

To access and work with the Color Palette, navigate to the Window menu, then select Others, and finally Color Palette.

Creating and Swapping Color Palettes

1. Select the Mixers tab from the Color Palette Panel .
2. Choose the four base colors for your document using the fill color boxes.
3. Utilize the HSB Color Wheel on the right side of the panel

Pastels: Origin and Evolution

Pastel sticks are soft bars of dried powder made from mixing pigment with very little binder, usually gum tragacanth. The paste formed is molded into bar-like shapes.

Features of Pastels

• Pastels are mainly characterized by their brightness. Because they contain very little binder, their colors are exceptionally vibrant.
• The finished pastel painting has a soft, matte appearance. The pigment is finely shredded and delicately embedded between the fibers and grains of the support.
• Precisely because the pigments are only lightly bound to the paper's grain, if permanent colors and good quality paper are used, pastels can be one of the most permanent painting techniques, especially when protected with glass framing.
• Fixative

Classification of Triangles

Notable Lines and Points in a Triangle

• Altitude (Height): A segment drawn from a vertex perpendicular to the opposite side.
• Orthocenter: The point of intersection of the 3 altitudes of a triangle.
• Median: A line segment connecting a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
• Centroid: The point of intersection of the 3 medians of a triangle.
• Angle Bisector: A line segment originating

Verb Tense Review

1. Simple Present

Use: Habits, routines, facts, general truths, and repeated actions.

• Affirmative: Subject + base verb + complement. (With he/she/it: Subject + verb + -s/-es + complement).
• Negative: Subject + do/does + not + base verb + complement.
• Question: Do/Does + subject + base verb + complement?

Rules: I/You/We/They use the base verb; He/She/It usually takes -s/-es. After does/doesn't, use the base verb.

Examples:

• I play soccer.
• She plays soccer.
• They don't play soccer.
• Does he play soccer?

Signal words: Always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week.

2. Present Continuous

Use: Actions happening now, temporary situations, and actions happening around the present.

• Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing.
• Negative: