Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Teacher training

FORMAL E-MAIL:

• GREETINGS: (Dear Sir/ Madam);(To whom it may concern); Dear Mr/Ms...)
• INTRODUCTION: (my name is... and I am writing with regard to...); (I would like...)
• BODY: (I would really appreciate if you could...)
• CONCLUSION: (thank you for your help);( I look forward to hearing from you); (please feel free if you have any question)
• DESPEDIDA: (Yours sincerely, yours cordially);(Respectfully)

INFORMAL E-MAIL:

• OPENING SALUTATION: (Hi ...,)
• BODY: (How are you? hope you are well.); (thanks for your e-mail, it was great to hear from you) (sorry for not writing earlier)
• INTRODUCE THE TOPIC: (I'm writing to thank you for...);(Listen, did I tell you about...); (I was wondering if you could help me.)
• CLOSING LINE: (well, that's all for now); (hope to hear

Here......There, This......That, these.....Those, now.......Then, next week......The following Week, today.......That day, tonight.......That night, tomorrow.......The Following day, yesterday......The day before, last week.......The week before.

Vocabulary: PR involves building good relationships with all the stakeholders in an Organisation. The best PR strategies are based on effective relationship Marketing. In Asia there is a long tradition of this kind of approach to business, but it is important to develop transparency and integrity. This means Not only openness, but also accountability, which means taking responsibility For decisions. A further dimension to effective PR is a commitment to ethical Standards, which includes a continual...

Editing and Proofreading Essentials

Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement

• Indefinite pronouns as antecedents.
• Compound subjects joined by "and."
• Collective nouns.
• Titles of single entities.
• Plural form subjects with a singular meaning.

Parallelism in Writing

Ensure that coordinate structures and lists maintain a consistent grammatical form to improve clarity and flow.

Strategies for Reducing Wordiness

• Replace "soft verbs" with "strong verbs."
• Eliminate the passive voice in favor of the active voice.
• Turn long phrases into concise adjectives.
• Use "-ing" verb forms instead of relative clauses.
• Substitute strong verbs for "-tion" and "-sion" words whenever possible.
• Eliminate redundant phrases.

Common Grammar and Spelling Errors

• Its vs. it's: "Its" is possessive; "

In my opinion, tree diagrams are useful for language teaching because they're a simple, clear, and uncomplicated way of representing a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor. On a didactic level, tree diagrams are used to illustrate the analysis of surface structures and in grammar teaching. Tree diagrams can be useful and clear to illustrate the linguistic components. Chomsky is one of the most influential linguists of the 20^th century. He and all generativists perceive language as an innate ability. Humans are born with a set of rules in our head that generativists refer to as Universal Grammar. In addition, Chomsky's standards theory includes 4 main components: the base component which produces or generates basic

Unit 1: Vocabulary

ambitious, argumentative, assertive, calm, considerate, conventional, creative, dedicated, eccentric, immature, organised, outgoing, responsible, selfish, sensible, serious, sociable, stubborn, unconventional

Grammar

Present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, verb + object + to infinitive, verb + object + infinitive without to, verb + object + past participle.

Unit 2: Vocabulary

afford, allowance, budget, debt, expenses, financial, income, repay, save, waste, careless, dear, extortionate, hard up, valuable, well off, worthless, stingy, affluent, a rip-off, dirt cheap, cost an arm and a leg, come into some money, dip into your savings, live from hand to mouth, make a killing, tighten your belt.

Grammar

Indirect questions,...

English-Spanish Shopping & Value Vocabulary

Nouns

Bargain

ganga

Brand name

nombre de marca

Customer service

atención al cliente

Discount

descuento

Genius

genio

Luxury item

artículo de lujo

Passer-by

transeúnte

Price tag

etiqueta de precio

Rip-off

estafa

Status symbol

símbolo de estatus

Verbs

Afford

permitirse

Appreciate

apreciar

Cost

costar

Cough

toser

Earn

ganar

Exchange

intercambiar

Fit

quedar bien

Ignore

ignorar

Imagine

imagina

Recognise

reconocer

Try on

probarse

Adjectives

Attached

adjunto

Brand-new

a estrenar

Fake

falso

Grateful

agradecido

Outstanding

sobresaliente

Overpriced

con sobreprecio

Second-hand

segunda mano

Sensible

sensato

Talented

talentoso

Upset

molesto

Useful

útil

Well made

bien hecho

Common Phrases & Idioms

A good deal

una buena oferta

Cost a fortune

costar una fortuna

Good quality

buena

Advanced English Vocabulary: Media, Film, and Connectors

Media and Journalism Terminology

A collection of terms related to news, reporting, and current affairs, with Catalan translations.

• Amazed by: Sorprès per
• Amused by: Entretingut/divertit amb
• Amusing: Graciós, divertit
• Awful: Horrible, espantós
• Broadcast live: Emetre en directe
• Broadcast worldwide: Emetre arreu del món
• Business: Economia (topic)
• Box-office hit: Èxit de taquilla
• Classified ads: Anuncis per paraules
• Continually: Constantment
• Cover a story: Cobrir una notícia
• Current affairs: Temes d'actualitat
• Deafening: Ensordidor
• Editorial: Opinió (article)
• Evidence: Proves
• Freedom of the press: Llibertat de premsa
• Gathering: Aplegament, reunió
• Give an interview: Concedir una entrevista
• Headline: Titular
• Hold

Criteria for Educational Project Development

First. The educational project remains the premier instrument for ensuring the quality and consistency of educational action.

Second. While laws and educational authorities regulate certain aspects of school projects, every institution must develop a program tailored to its specific needs and unique characteristics.

Third. The school education project represents the highest form of pedagogical autonomy. Both organizational standards and the management of personnel and material resources exist to serve these educational programs.

Fourth. The management team at each center is responsible for ensuring that all components of the educational project—both legal requirements and institutional goals—are...

Foundational Figures in Language Education

Donatus (4th Century)

A Roman grammarian and author of Ars minor and Ars maior, foundational works on grammar. He focused on grammatical categories—such as nouns, pronouns, and verbs—and emphasized morphology over syntax. His works shaped language teaching for centuries, influencing medieval grammar schools and beyond.

Priscian (5th Century)

A Latin grammarian and author of Institutes of Grammar, the standard grammar textbook of the Middle Ages. He drew from the language of classical writers like Cicero and Virgil, setting a precedent for using literary texts in language education.

Antonio de Nebrija (1441–1522)

A Spanish grammarian and scholar who authored Gramática de la lengua castellana (1492)...

Marcelo Vieira: The Iconic Left-Back

Many experts agree that Marcelo Vieira is one of the greatest left-backs in football history, celebrated for his exceptional skills, speed, and attacking style.

Early Life and Real Madrid Career

Born in 1988 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Marcelo began his journey at Fluminense. His talent led him to Real Madrid in 2007, where he became a cornerstone of the team, securing numerous titles, including:

• Five UEFA Champions League trophies
• Multiple La Liga titles

Renowned for his dribbling, assists, and defensive prowess, he was honored in 2022 as the most decorated player in Real Madrid's history. Today, he continues to inspire the next generation of footballers.

Cristiano Ronaldo: A Global Football Icon

Cristiano Ronaldo,...