Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Youth Training Plan by Age Stage

Base Stage (6-10)

• Flexibility: Stretching exercises with dynamic motivation to seek maximum execution (with a ball, relays, group games).
• Resistance: Running games, formations, and pursuit games; continuous running (20-30 minutes); circuit training with one or two rounds; natural variety of sports activities, with a smooth, continuous run alternating with varied exercise execution.
• Speed: Surprise starts and pursuit and interplay games.
• Agility: Execution of different skills, emphasizing the execution of speed and reflexes; running and sprints over short distances.
• Strength: Quadrupedal exercises and repetitions, jumps, dislocated games, multi-hop and gymnastics; individual multi-throws and varied exercises.
• General

SPORT VERBS

be disqualified – desqualificat
chase – persecució

be knocked out – ser eliminat
climb – escalar

boo off – escridassar
crawl – gatejar

carry on – seguir
cross – creuar

champion – campió
drive – conduir

championship – campionat
get – aconseguir

cheer on – animar
jog – trotar

competition – competició
jump – saltar

competitor – competidor
march – fer marxa

crowd – multitud
ski – esquiar

diver – busseig
skip – saltar ràpid i baixet

drop out – abandonar
swim – nedar

endurance – resistència
walk – caminar

event – esdeveniment
KEEPING FIT

final – final                                           become a member - sdevenir un membre

get through – superar
bulk up – engruixir

give up – renunciar
enrol – inscriure

league...

Common English Words and Their Meanings

Astound (to overwhelm with amazement) and assail (to attack vigorously or violently). Blink: to open and close the eye.

Backstage: behind the proscenium. In a theater, especially in the wings or dressing rooms.

Banister: any of various symmetrical supports, as furniture legs or spindles, tending to swell toward the bottom or top.

Bundle: an item wrapped for carrying.

Chore: a small or routine job to do.

Creep: to move slowly with body close to the ground, on hands and knees.

Dizzy: having a sensation of things going round and round; giddy.

Deadline: the time by which something must be finished.

Distress: sharp or strong anxiety, pain, or sorrow.

In earnest: with serious or sincere intentions.

Flattering: praising...

Plant Tissues

Parenchyma

Parenchyma cells make photosynthesis in the stems and green parts of plants. Varieties: palisade and spongy.

Cambium and Cork Cambium

Both are secondary meristems. The internal cambium and the vascular cambium produce conducting tissues: towards the center, xylem (secondary xylem); outwards, phloem (secondary phloem). The cork cambium produces external cork tissue and the internal phelloderm, which travel towards the parenchyma cortex.

Collenchyma

Collenchyma cells are found in young parts of plants. They are vivid, elongated, prismatic cells containing chloroplasts, with thickened walls in layers. There are 3 types: angular, lamellar and lacunar.

Secretory Tissues

External

Located in the epidermis, they expel foreign substances....

Training Principles for Sports Performance

Basic training principles of sports activity

The general and special preparation principle

The principle of progressive and gradual load increment

The principle of wave-like load variations

The principle of continuity in the training process

The cyclic character principle of the training process

The principle of the level of direction of sports achievements towards higher levels

Superior achievements.

Among the most important measures for the gradual progression of load are:

• Increase in training frequency
• Increase in training volume
• Increase in training intensity

Regarding the wave-like load variation principle, there are three types:

Medium loads, lower loads, and high loads.

In the beginning of the training process,...

Pedagogical Dimensions and Human Identity

Education involves understanding human destiny and discovering the irreducible, personal complexity of one’s identity. It requires educating both the visible and the invisible dimensions of the human being.

Pedagogy of Hope, the Invisible, and Limits

• Pedagogy of the Invisible and Waiting: Focuses on personal discovery, internal depth, and patience, teaching individuals to recognize dimensions beyond immediate observation.
• Pedagogy of Hope: Teaches that human beings are not reduced solely to basic instinct, past experiences, or the present moment. Instead, individuals possess a free history oriented toward future values and possibilities.
• Pedagogy of Personal Effort and Renunciation: Encourages mastering

Phonetic Disorder: Problems, Aspects and Intervention

Potential phonetic disorder: aspects involved in the ability to fine-tune control. 1. Good attention and auditory discrimination. Two types: general character (sensory) and phonetic.

2. Good motor oral-facial skills, of the muscles of the face, tongue, etc.

3. Stimulation is never done in a direct form, but in an indirect and playful manner.

4. It is not good work against pronunciation of isolated sounds. Occlusive sounds need vocal support in the first pronunciation.

5. We must not correct students in front of their peers. We must recycle, repeat with the child what has to be corrected, giving feedback.

6. Motivation is key.

General Perception and Auditory Discrimination (Sensory)

Primary objective:

Scientific training is a physical system that involves the use of planned efforts and counterforce, destined to generate adaptations to resolve movement problems, collaborating with maintaining the best possible quality of life.

Organic Adaptation Mechanisms

1. Adaptation: It is the progressive morphological and functional changes occurring in our agency as a result of training to meet the demands of physical performance. The nature of the adaptation depends on the characteristics of the load, which leads us to distinguish between general training and specific training.
2. Overcompensation: The responses of the human body to physical exertion generate an adaptation of all systems, so that after the recovery effort, the body prepares to overcome a

Origin of the Lexicon

Most of the Spanish lexicon comes from Latin, although it also includes words from other languages. Depending on their evolution, words can be classified as follows:

Types of Words by Origin

• Patrimonial words: they have existed since the origins of the language and have undergone phonetic changes over time until today.
• Cultisms: Latin words that entered directly into the language, often belatedly, and remain unchanged. Some are also loans.
• Doublets: a Latin word that gives rise to two words: one patrimonial and one cultism.
• Loanwords: words introduced from other languages into our own. They are usually adapted to the pronunciation of our language or kept in their original form.
• Neologisms: new words that enter the language either

Physical Activity

Concept: The generally accepted definition of physical activity (physical activity) is from the Annual Review of Public Health 2005: "Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction that substantially increases energy expenditure." This definition is used by the public health field and may require certain precisions regarding physical exercise in specific situations.

a) Maintaining positions in immobility, or positions that do not increase energy expenditure such as yoga postures (asanas) or isometric contraction, are not considered physical activity under this definition, since they involve no displacement.

b) Exercises that do not produce skeletal muscle contraction but only stretching, such...