Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Sport and physical education

Extreme Sports: An Adrenaline Rush

Water Sports

• Rafting (by boat or downriver)
• Gorge putting

Land Sports

• Caving

Air Sports

• Bridge jumping
• Paragliding
• Hang gliding

Racing Guidance

Objective

Complete a set route faster than rivals using a map and compass.

Environment

Countryside

Materials

• Map
• Compass
• Information sheet

Map

A graphical representation of the terrain, showing distances between paths. Key indicators include scale (e.g., 1:20000 means 1cm on the map equals 20000cm in reality) and contour lines.

Compass

A navigational instrument with a magnetized needle pointing North. Align the needle's North with the map's North, then rotate the compass to match the desired bearing.

Information Sheet

Helps locate key points marked on the map.

Orientation Courses

Duration

As...

Educación Musical: Tema 21

La música está presente en nuestro entorno desde el nacimiento, en la familia e incluso antes, aunque no siempre ha tenido continuidad en la crianza.

La Música en la Educación Infantil

Desde la Reforma Educativa, la expresión musical se considera un área fundamental en la etapa de Educación Infantil (EI). Como dijo Cyrulnik: "No hay niño que no aprenda música, sino que el uso como medio de expresión mueve a usar la voz y el ritmo."

El desarrollo musical contribuye significativamente a los programas educativos. Atrae al niño, permitiéndole utilizar diferentes medios para su desarrollo. La Educación Musical (EM) en la Educación Infantil (EI) tiene como finalidades principales:

• Acercar al niño a diversas manifestaciones

The joints are structures that connect the skeletal bones and allow
mobility of most of their parts.

Types of Joints

• Motionless: They impede the movement of the bones that group. For example, the joints connecting the skull bones.
• Semi-mobile: Only allow small movements between the bones. This is the case of the joints of the vertebrae.
• Mobile: They allow greater mobility between the bones, such as the elbow, hip, and knee.

The Knee Joint

The knee has the following elements:

• Ligaments: Very strong fibers that connect bones.
• Cartilage: Pieces of cartilage that cover and protect the surfaces of the bones in contact.
• Synovial Capsule: A bag located between the bones, filled with a lubricant called synovial fluid.

The knee joint also has fibrocartilaginous...

The Central Nervous System

The brain is divided into two hemispheres with surface protrusions called gyri and grooves called fissures. The outermost part consists of gray matter, known as the cerebral cortex, which receives information from organs and sends response orders. The inner zone consists of white matter, which stores and processes information.

The Cerebellum

Located below the brain, the cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres and features cerebellar convolutions. It coordinates movements such as walking, grasping objects, and maintaining balance.

The Brainstem

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It controls vital automatic functions, including heart rate, blood flow, respiratory movements, and the digestive tract.

The

Human Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the framework of the human body, consisting of approximately 206 bones. It provides stiffness, flexibility, and elasticity.

Key Features

• Unique Bone: The hyoid bone (located in the neck) is the only bone that is not articulated.
• Bone Types:
  • Long: Femur, radius, ulna.
  • Flat: Skull bones, shoulder blades.
  • Short: Vertebrae, ear bones.

Bone Functions

• Support and protection of internal organs.
• Production of red blood cells.
• Enables movement by acting as levers for muscles.
• Storage of minerals.

Distribution of Bones

• Head: Skull (8), face (14), hyoid (1), ear (6).
• Vertebral Column: Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (1), coccyx (1).
• Chest: Ribs (24), sternum (1), thoracic vertebrae.
• Upper Limbs: Girdle (4),

Blood Groups and Antigens

Red blood cells carry antigens (proteins) on their surface. Depending on which antigens are present, the blood belongs to a specific group, and the plasma contains antibodies against the antigens that are absent.

• Group A: has A antigens and anti-B antibodies.
• Group B: has B antigens and anti-A antibodies.
• Group AB: has A and B antigens and no antibodies against them.
• Group O: has no A or B antigens and has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

The agglutination reaction occurs when an antibody meets its matching antigen, causing red blood cells to clump together.

Rh Factor

Some people have a protein called the Rh factor on their red blood cells:

• Rh positive (Rh+): the protein is present.
• Rh negative (Rh-): the protein is absent.

T4. Aspects: Quantity and Quality in Play

The game is a key indicator of group dynamics and the state of mood of the player. It helps to reveal the personality of children and young people. Discover the roles adopted by the group members in the game. The game is an instrument of knowledge from two perspectives: that of the educator/entertainer and that of the participants.

The Animator's Observation Role

How should the animator look? The leader must maintain a curious observation. The observer should adopt an open posture. In a final observation, a structured approach is necessary. Its construction depends on the type of game; in each case, we want to know specific aspects.

Aspects of Group Relations Interest:

• Levels and forms of sharing among players.

The Force and Muscle Strength

The force is the capability that allows a person to create muscular tension in order to overcome an overload. Muscle strength can manifest itself in different ways:

Types of Muscle Strength

Peak Force

Peak force: the tension the muscles must generate to overcome a maximal opposition. Weightlifting (halterofilia) is an example of work that develops peak force.

Power or Explosive Strength

Power or explosive strength: overcoming a small resistance by applying maximum speed.

Strength Endurance

Strength endurance: repeated muscular strength efforts performed over time.

The Force and the Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

Muscles shorten in length during muscle contraction. When muscles remain contracted to hold the skeleton, this...

Hull: Protection Basics

The hull is a fundamental element of protection in inline skating; it is not an accessory. Basically, you will find 3 types of helmets:

• Helmets for bicycles.
• Ventilated type (for aggressive skating).
• Ventilated type (for aggressive skating).

The bicycle helmet type is most appropriate for fitness skating, offering good protection without sacrificing too much comfort.

Braking with a Heel Stop

This is a simple and powerful braking method, essential for beginners. Please install the brake blocks (including one on each flange). When you develop good technique, you can consider whether to dispense with them or not.

In-line skates are placed in the rear. The movement consists of lifting the front wheels of the skate so the heel contacts...

Enfermedades cardiovasculares are the leading cause of death in Spain. Increased consumption of saturated fats, high-cholesterol foods, high-calorie diets, and the absence or lack of fiber and antioxidants contribute to cardiovascular risk. Neoplasias (neoplasms) are related to consumption of saturated fats and meat and derivatives.

Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes type 2 is related to energetic imbalance and dietary patterns that increase obesity risk.

Obesity

Obesity; consumption occurs because of a high-calorie diet and physical inactivity. Obesity is a metabolic disorder with an accumulation of fat in the body that produces increased weight. La WHO (the World Health Organization) sets the classification of obesity according to body mass index (BMI)...