Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for University

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Short Adjectives (One Syllable)

Adjectives Ending in -y or -le

Longer Adjectives (Two or More Syllables)

Irregular Adjectives

As... As Comparisons

• My horse can run as fast as a car.
  Mi caballo puede correr tan rápido como un coche.
• He doesn't play

Core Definitions in Language and Culture

English Terminology

Translate

To express the meaning of speech or writing in a different language.

Translation

The process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language.

Language

The system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of a particular country or area.

Culture

The customs and beliefs, art, way of life, and social organization of a particular country or group.

Code

A system of words, letters, numbers, or symbols that represent a message or record information secretly or in shorter form.

Assertion

A statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true.

Sentence

A set of words expressing a statement, a question, or an order, usually containing a subject

Antonio and Bassanio's Financial Dealings

• Why didn't Antonio have any money? (¿Por qué Antonio no tiene dinero?)
  Antonio did not have any money because he has all his wealth at sea.
• How much money did Shylock lend Bassanio? (¿Cuánto dinero le presta Shylock a Bassanio?)
  Shylock lent him three thousand ducats.
• What did Bassanio want the money for? (¿Para qué quiere Bassanio el dinero?)
  He wanted the money to go in search of his beloved.

Lorenzo and Jessica's Flight

• Who was Lorenzo? (¿Quién era Lorenzo?)
  He was a friend of Antonio and Bassanio, in love with Jessica.
• What happened with Jessica? (¿Qué pasó con Jessica?)
  Jessica leaves her father's house to go with a Christian (Lorenzo).
• How much money did Jessica take from her father, Shylock? (

Used To

• Affirmative: Subject + used to + verb
• Negative: Subject + didn't use to + verb
• Interrogative: Did + subject + use to + verb?

Past Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + verb in past (e.g., yesterday)
• Negative: Subject + didn't + verb
• Interrogative: Did + subject + verb?

Past Perfect

• Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle
• Negative: Subject + hadn't + past participle
• Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle?
• Time markers: Before, After

Present Perfect

• Affirmative: Subject + have/has + past participle
• Negative: Subject + hasn't/haven't + past participle
• Interrogative: Has/have + subject + past participle?
• Usage:
  • Ever: Questions only.
  • Never: Negative sentences only.
  • Just: Affirmative (between have/has and participle).
  • Still: Negative (before have/has).
  • Already:

Preguntas de entrevista en español e inglés

Las preguntas siguientes aparecen en español, seguidas de su traducción al inglés. Se han corregido la ortografía, la gramática y la capitalización sin eliminar contenido.

• ¿Por qué solicitaste este puesto?
  Why did you apply to this company for this position?
• ¿Qué titulación o experiencia tienes para este puesto?
  What qualifications or experience do you have that qualify you for this position?
• ¿Cuáles son tus metas a corto y largo plazo?
  What are your short-term and long-term career goals?
• ¿Dónde crees que encajas en esta empresa?
  Where do you see yourself fitting into this company?
• ¿Cómo crees que podrás lograr tus metas?
  How do you believe you will be able to accomplish your career goals

Essential English Phrasal Verbs

Improve your English fluency by learning these common phrasal verbs, complete with their past simple and past participle forms, and Spanish translations. Understanding these verbs is crucial for natural communication.

Go on

• Past Simple: Went on
• Past Participle: Gone on
• Meaning: Partir / continuar

Carry on

• Past Simple: Carried on
• Past Participle: Carried on
• Meaning: Continuar

Carry out

• Past Simple: Carried out
• Past Participle: Carried out
• Meaning: Realizar

Come back

• Past Simple: Came back
• Past Participle: Come back
• Meaning: Volver

Come down

• Past Simple: Came down
• Past Participle: Come down
• Meaning: Descender

Come in

• Past Simple: Came in
• Past Participle: Come in
• Meaning: Entrar

Come out

• Past Simple: Came out
• Past Participle: Come out
• Meaning:

Christmas Sales Surge in Spain

These are going to be the most prosperous Christmas for the consumer goods sector in Spain since the economic crisis. Sales in food are expected to increase significantly.

Sales Projections and Market Analysis

According to data from the Nielsen consultancy, food sales will grow by around 3%. The Asociación Española de Distribuidores, Autoservicios y Supermercados (Asedas) predicts an even greater increase, between 3% and 5%. These are notable figures, as the consumer goods sector is typically very stable and doesn't often experience such substantial growth.

Nielsen estimates that products worth €11.5 billion will be sold during the Christmas season, representing 20% of the entire year's revenue. Ignacio García...

Core Concepts of Global Integration

• Globalization: The transition from local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected world, facilitating the free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers.
• Mundialization: The solidarity of global populations to establish respect for the diversity of cultures and people.
• Globaloney: A portmanteau of "global" and "baloney" meaning "global nonsense." It suggests the world is not as globalized as many SMEs believe; operations remain largely local, requiring businesses to actively pursue consumer markets.
• Glocalization: The concept that products or services are more likely to succeed in a global market when customized for the specific locality or culture in which

Personal Correspondence

Hi, thanks for your email; it was great to hear from you. It sounds like things are going well. I was delighted to receive your message.

Regarding your question about… I will start with that. To tell you the truth…

Oh, and one more thing, regarding your point about… honestly…

I will leave it at that for now. Drop me a line if you have any more questions or want further information. By the way, give my love to your mum and dad.

Cheers,
Omar

Correspondencia Personal

Hola, gracias por tu correo electrónico; fue muy bueno saber de ti. Parece que las cosas van bien. Estaba encantado de recibir tu mensaje.

Sobre tu pregunta relacionada con… empezaré por ahí. Para decirte la verdad…

Oh, y una cosa más, sobre tu punto...

Corrected English Passive Voice Examples