Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for University

Java LinkedQueue Implementation (Generic)

This document presents the source code for a generic LinkedQueue class in Java. This implementation uses a singly linked list structure, adheres to the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) principle, and implements the Iterable interface.

package org.mp.repaso;

import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

public class LinkedQueue<T> implements Iterable<T> {

<span style="color:#ba2da2">private int</span> N; <span style="color:rgb(0,132,0)">// Tamaño de la cola</span>
<span style="color:rgb(186,45,162)">private</span> Node&lt;T&gt; primero; <span style="color:rgb(0,132,0)">// Primer elemento de la cola (Head)</span>
<span

Reported Speech: Tense Transformations

Understanding how tenses change when converting direct speech to reported speech is crucial for accurate and effective communication. This document provides a clear breakdown of these transformations.

Knapsack Problem Solution Methods

This implementation demonstrates several methods for solving the Knapsack Problem, including Linear Programming (LP) relaxation, the Dantzig heuristic, the standard Greedy algorithm, and a Local Search approach (Exchange Problem).

1. Initialization and Data Loading

uses "mmsystem"

declarations
    n, cap: integer
    archivo_datos = "gen300_5.txt"
end-declarations

fopen(archivo_datos, F_INPUT)
readln(n)
readln(cap)

declarations
    objetos = 1..n
    p, w, candidato: array(objetos) of integer
    t1: real
    x: array(objetos) of mpvar
    xp: array(objetos) of integer
    g: array(objetos) of real
    sol: array(objetos) of integer
    zgreedy, carga, final: integer
    ind0: array(objetos) of integer

Personality Adjectives (English and Spanish)

• Ambitious (ambicioso)
• Bossy (mandón)
• Communicative (comunicativo)
• Considerate (considerado)
• Faithful (fiel)
• Honest (honesto)
• Imaginative (imaginativo)
• Jealous (celoso)
• Logical (lógico)
• Mature (maduro)
• Organized (organizado)
• Patient (paciente)
• Possessive (posesivo)
• Reasonable (razonable)
• Responsible (responsable)
• Selfish (egoísta)
• Sensitive (sensible)
• Sociable (sociable)
• Tidy (ordenado)
• Vain (vano)

Extreme Adjectives (Standard vs. Intense)

Adjectives

Present Continuous

To talk about something that is happening at the moment we talk.

• I’m studying now (Yo estoy estudiando ahora)
• I’m it raining? (está lloviendo?)

Past Simple

To speak of a concrete action that began and ended in the past.

• Tom stayed at home last night. (Tom se quedó en casa anoche.)
• I didn’t go to the party yesterday. (No fui a la fiesta ayer.)

Future Tense

Going to

Expresses the duration of a past action and does not indicate if it is finished.

Will

Work to raise capital and start my own business

I will study some specialization or the French language.

According to projections, everything seems to indicate that in the coming years tourism will increase slowly.

Present Perfect

When do we use present perfect? ¿Cuándo usamos el presente...

British and American English Vocabulary

• Car park: Parking lot
• Cinema: Movie theater
• City center: Downtown
• Flat: Apartment
• Garden: Yard
• Ground floor: First floor
• Lift: Elevator
• Pavement: Sidewalk
• Shop: Store
• Shopping center: Mall

Common English Idioms

• A fish out of water: Como un pez fuera del agua
• Hold your horses: Para el carro
• Kill two birds with one stone: Matar dos pájaros de un tiro
• Let the cat out of the bag: Descubrir el pastel
• Smelled a rat: Hay gato encerrado

English Synonyms and Definitions

• Shore = Beach: Playa
• Spare = Extra = Leisure: Tiempo libre
• Source = Origin: Origen
• Ruler = Leader: Gobernante
• Huge = Very big: Enorme
• Resort = Holiday complex: Complejo turístico

Weather Expressions and Collocations

• Bitter: Cold and wind
• Heavy: Rain, snowfall
• Mild: Temperatures,

English Passive Voice Structures

The passive voice is formed using the structure: Subject + Verb to be + Past Participle (Verb 3rd form).

Present Simple

Structure: Subject + (am/is/are) + Past Participle

Example: The dog broke my tennis shoes → My tennis shoes are broken by the dog.

Present Perfect

Structure: Subject + have/has been + Past Participle

Example: Luis has caught the pencil → The pencil has been caught by Luis.

Present Continuous

Structure: Subject + (am/is/are) being + Past Participle

Past Simple

Structure: Subject + was/were + Past Participle

Example: My brother studied the lesson → The lesson was studied by my brother.

Past Perfect

Structure: Subject + had been + Past Participle

Example: My dad had built a house → The house had been

1. Distribution / Distribución

English: The process of transporting products from a manufacturer, storing them, and selling them to different stores and customers.

Español: El proceso de transporte de los productos de un fabricante, almacenarlos y venderlos a diferentes tiendas y clientes.

2. Profit Margin / Margen de Beneficio

English: The difference between the total amount of money a company receives from sales and the total cost of producing all its products and services.

Español: La diferencia entre la cantidad total de dinero que una empresa recibe de las ventas y el costo total de la producción de todos sus productos y servicios.

3. USP / Única Proposición de Venta

English: Abbreviation for unique selling proposition/point: a feature...

English Verb Moods

Indicative Mood

Used for all simple tenses to describe observable facts. Examples: "It rains a lot," "I live in Chiloé."

Subjunctive Mood

• Advice: I suggest he study.
• Desire: I hope she makes it.
• 3rd Conditional: Used for unreal situations. Example: "If I were you, I would study."
• Hypothetical: Used with "as if" or in progress sentences. Example: "If we won, I'd throw a party."

Imperative Mood

• Requests: "Open the window, please."
• Strong Suggestions: "Behave!"
• Instructions: "First, open the box."
• Commands: "Use the seatbelt," "Close the door, please."

Passive Voice

Used when the action is more important than the actor. Structure: Subject + Be + Past Participle + (by + Object).

• News: "A new robbery was committed."
• Unimportant Subject: "Coca-

English Language Practice: Unit Exams with Solutions

Unit 1: Foundational English Concepts

I. Personal Information

1. A: What's your marital status?
   B: I’m single.
2. A: Hello, I'm Rosa.
   B: What's your name?
3. A: Nice to meet you.
   B: Nice to meet you, too.
4. My name is Catherine.
   Please call me Cathy.
5. A: What's your name?
   B: It’s Maria Contreras.

II. Greetings and Farewells

6. A: Hello, Carol.
   B: Hi, Robert. Good to see you.
7. A: Things are fine. And you?
   B: Pretty good.
8. A: Bye Carol, see you later.
   B: See you around.

III. The English Alphabet

9. A: Good morning, Miss Kate.
   B: Good morning, Mr. Smith. How are you today?
10. A: I’m very well, thank you.
    B: Quite all right, thank you.
11. VICTORIA (V-I-C-T-O-R-I-A)
12. SANTIAGO (S-A-N-T-I-A-G-O)
13. ADRIANA (A-D-R-I-A-N-A)
14. READ (R-E-A-D)