Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Primary education

Common English Idioms and Expressions

Work and Pressure

• Employees/Staff: (empleados,staff)
• To be very busy/Under pressure: to be rushed off their feet, to be up to their ears, to be breaking their backs

Opinions and Descriptions

• Food critic: (critica de comida,food critic)
• Write up/Describe: (describir,write up)

Time and Sequence

• Beforehand: (antes de algo,beforehand)
• Afterwards: (despues de algo,afterwards)

Emotions and Feelings

• Relaxed/Thanked God: relieved
• Being nervous/Concerned: have butterflies in your tummy

Livelihood and Relationships

• Make a living/Earn a living: so means of support (ganarse la vida-make a living,earn a living,so means of support)
• Be dating/Going out: (be dating-going out)
• Homosexual/Gay: (homosexual-gay)
• Heterosexual/Straight: (heterosexual-

The Spanish Political System

What is a constitution?

The constitution is the fundamental law that controls the Spanish government.

What are the powers of the state?

The powers of the state are divided into three branches:

• Legislative Branch: Makes the laws.
• Executive Branch: Enforces the laws.
• Judicial Branch: Interprets laws and judges those who violate them.

What is the political system of Spain?

Spain has a monarch (a king or queen) who is the head of state. The monarch's role is mainly ceremonial, but they also represent the country internationally.

The Cold War and Global Conflicts

What was the Cold War and when did it end?

The Cold War was an ideological confrontation from 1945 until the dissolution of the USSR. The United States led the Western...

Mastering Conditionals: As Long As, Even If, Unless

As Long As, Even If, Providing That, Unless:

• Unless: Substitutes the negative part of a sentence.
• Example: We'll be late IF we DON'T leave now // We'll be late UNLESS we leave now.
• Even if: Used to avoid negative verb forms.
• Example: The workers won't strike IF their wages are increased // The workers will strike EVEN IF their wages are increased.
• Providing that or as long as: Substitutes "but only if."

Understanding Conditionals

• First Conditional: (if + Present Simple) + (will + infinitive) /// (will + infinitive) + (if + Present Simple). Used to talk about possible or probable future events or to make promises.

Modal Verbs in First Conditional

Used for possibility: may/might

Used for permission: can

Used...

Vocabulary

• Accent - acento
• Citizenship - nacionalidad
• Demand - exigir, requerir
• Law - ley
• Citizens - ciudadano
• Force - obligar
• Government - gobierno
• Proposal - propuesta
• Prove - demostrar
• Typical - típico
• Trendy - de moda
• Quiet - tranquilo
• Noisy - ruidoso
• Appearance - aspecto físico
• Painful - doloroso
• Hardship - problema
• Aware - consciente
• Light-skinned - piel clara
• Tease - burlarse
• Lucky break - suerte
• Pretty curly - bonito rizado
• Good looking - guapo

Text Analysis

Redefining British Culture

True or False:

1. True (lines 1-2)
2. False (lines 5-6)
3. True (lines 8, 9, 10)
4. False (lines 11)
5. False (lines 14)

Inner Beauty: Can We Really See It?

1. People sometimes judge others based on their physical appearance.
2. 1. b
   2. a
3. 1. She experienced being judged.
   2. Because of how she looked.
   3. He is able to see

Sperm

• Midpiece: This is located between the head and the tail. It contains mitochondria at the base of the flagellum, which provide energy for movement. It also contains centrioles that control the sperm's movement.
• Tail: The flagellum is made of proteins and is the part that moves.

Egg

The egg contains the zona pellucida, vitelline membrane, deutoplasm, nucleus, and corona radiata. It carries 23 chromosomes. It is elongated, visible to the human eye, immobile, and has a reserve of nutrients.

Ovarian Cycle

After puberty, oogenesis takes place in women approximately every 28 days. One egg matures and is released. The ovarian cycle has three phases:

• Follicular Phase

  This phase lasts about 14 days and is caused by the follicle-stimulating hormone produced

Resumen de la Novela Esperanza

La novela Esperanza trata de una mujer que vive en Guatemala. Su esposo, Alberto, tiene problemas con el gobierno y tiene que escapar a los Estados Unidos. Esperanza se queda en Guatemala con sus dos hijos. Un día, ella recibe una llamada de Alberto. Él dice que está en los Estados Unidos y está seguro. Esperanza decide salir de Guatemala porque no es seguro para ellos. Sus hijos tienen que quedarse con su madre por un tiempo y Esperanza viaja sola. El viaje es muy difícil y peligroso. Ella cruza México y tiene miedo muchas veces. Al final, ella llega a los Estados Unidos, pide asilo y se reúne con sus hijos. La historia muestra el amor de una madre y los desafíos de los inmigrantes.

English Summary: The

English Connectors & Spanish Translations

• although: aunque
• also: también
• as: como / ya que / mientras
• as well: así también
• as well as: tanto como
• because of: a causa de
• both...and: ambos...y
• consequently: consecuentemente
• despite: a pesar de
• due to: debido a
• either...or: o...o
• even though: aunque
• for: por / para
• furthermore: además
• however: sin embargo
• in addition: además
• in fact: de hecho
• in order to: para
• in spite of: a pesar de
• moreover: además
• neither...nor: ni...ni
• nevertheless: sin embargo / no obstante
• not only...but also: no solo...sino también
• obviously: obviamente
• on the other hand: por otro lado
• or: o
• owing to: debido a
• since: desde / ya que
• so as to: para
• so that: para que
• therefore: por lo tanto
• though: aunque
• to: a / para
• too: también
• unfortunately:

Data Source and Currency

This comprehensive table presents detailed information on the minimum wage in various countries. The data is sourced from Eurostat, and the currency used is the euro.

Notable Changes

It is noteworthy that some countries have experienced minor adjustments to their minimum wage, such as Montenegro, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

Highest and Second-Highest Minimum Wages

Luxembourg boasts the highest minimum wage globally, at one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight point forty-seven euros. Ireland follows closely with a minimum wage of one thousand six hundred and thirteen point ninety-five euros.

Ireland's Minimum Wage Trend

Ireland has witnessed a significant increase in its minimum wage over the years. Just four years...

Present Simple: Acciones habituales (always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, never). Present Continuous: Cosas que suceden mientras se habla (at the moment, now, today). Past Simple: (yesterday, last week, when, two days ago). Past Continuous: (while, as in that moment, when). Perfect: (never, since, yet, just, already). Be Going To: (plans, intentions y predicciones evidentes). Be + ING: (ho spas certisim, in October). Will + INF: (ofrecimientos, preguntas).

Who, Which, Where, When, Whose, Why

So: tan, así que, por lo que. So That: de modo que, para que. For Example: por ejemplo....