Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Spanish for Baccalaureate

French Revolution and its Impact (1784-1792)

1789. French Revolution

1784-1792. Prevention and neutrality

1793-1795. Basel Peace Treaty

1796-1808. Alliance with France

1796. Treaty of San Ildefonso

1805. Battle of Trafalgar

1807. Treaty of Fontainebleau

War of Independence and Restoration (1808-1820)

1808-1814. War of Independence

1812. Constitution of Cádiz

1813. Treaty of Valençay

1814-1820. Restoration of Absolutism

1815. Porlier and Díaz Pronunciamiento (La Coruña)

1817. General Lacy Pronunciamiento (Catalonia)

1820. Commander Riego Pronunciamiento (Seville)

Liberal Triennium and Absolutist Decade (1820-1833)

1820-1823. Liberal Triennium

1823-1833. Absolutist Decade

Reign of Elizabeth II and Carlist Wars (1833-1868)

1810-1824. Spanish American Independence...

Passive Voice and Prepositions

Passive Voice

Tense Comparison

Have Something Done

• Liz and Meg are having their hair dyed.
  Liz y Meg se están haciendo teñir el pelo.
• Mr. Singer always has his suits made at the tailor's shop.
  El señor

Love Story: English Summary

The story is about a couple, Jennifer Cavilleri and Oliver Barrett. They meet at university and fall in love. Their romance continues, and they meet their parents. Oliver’s parents are rich, and Jennifer’s father is poor, but Oliver doesn’t mind. The couple wants to marry, but Oliver’s father doesn’t accept it, and they fight. Finally, they get married.

Three years later, they live together in a humble flat because Oliver’s father doesn’t give them money as before. They work hard; she is a teacher, and he is a lawyer. Then, they move to New York. They want to have children, but they can’t because Jenny is very sick. Finally, she dies when she is 24. Oliver is very sad and sees his father in the hospital....

Mastering English Vocabulary and Essay Writing

Essential Irregular Verbs for English Learners

• Become: Llegar a ser (become/became/become)
• Mean: Querer decir (mean/meant/meant)
• Begin: Empezar (begin/began/begun)
• Break: Romper (break/broke/broken)
• Bring: Traer (bring/brought/brought)
• Burst: Reventar/Estallar (burst/burst/burst)
• Choose: Elegir (choose/chose/chosen)
• Forget: Olvidar (forget/forgot/forgotten)
• Learn: Aprender (learn/learnt/learnt)
• Let: Permitir (let/let/let)
• Lose: Perder (lose/lost/lost)
• Ring: Llamar (ring/rang/rung)
• Say: Decir (say/said/said)
• Show: Mostrar (show/showed/shown)
• Shut: Cerrar (shut/shut/shut)
• Take: Coger (take/took/taken)
• Teach: Enseñar (teach/taught/taught)
• Encourage: Animar (regular verb)

Common English Connectors and Transition Words

• First

English Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials

Key Vocabulary for English Learners

Nouns and Their Meanings

• Background: Coneixement
• Blizzard: Tormenta
• Degrees: Graus
• Drought: Sequera
• Flood: Inundació
• Forecast: Pronòstic
• Heatwave: Onada de calor
• Humidity: Humitat
• Lightning: Llamp
• Path: Camí
• Rainfall: Pluja
• Forecaster: Meteoròlegs

Verbs and Their Meanings

• Avoid: Evitar
• Chase: Perseguir
• Gather: Reunir
• Melt: Fondre
• Run (a company): Dividir empresa
• Shiver: Tremolar
• Slip: Lliscar
• Strike: Colpejar
• Sweat: Suar
• Witness: Testimoniar

Adjectives and Their Meanings

• Chilly: Fred
• Deadly: Mortal
• Ordinary: Ordinari
• Overcast: Ennuvolat
• Skilled: Expert
• Slippery: Relliscós
• Soaking wet: Mullat (completament)

Common English Expressions

• Back and forth: Enrere i cap endavant
• Bitter cold: Fred gelat
• Bitter

Key English Words for Comparison & Time

Here are some essential English words with their Spanish equivalents, focusing on comparisons and temporal expressions:

• Like: Como algo (similar a algo)
• Alike: Similar
• As: En el rol de (en el papel de)
• Exactly: Exactamente
• Just: Solo (únicamente)
• Identical: Idéntico
• Already: Ya (antes de ahora)
• Still: Todavía
• Just: Justo ahora o Acabo de (recientemente o en este momento)
• Since: Desde (inicio de un período)
• For: Desde (duración de un período)
• Yet: Aún (se coloca al final de la oración)

Mastering the Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect tense is used to describe actions that happened at an unspecified time before now, or actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Here's a breakdown:...

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

Past Simple

Use for completed actions in the past.

Time markers: yesterday, last week, two days ago, when

Present Perfect

Use for actions that started in the past and continue to the present.

Time markers: never, ever, already, just, yet, lately, for, since

For negative sentences, use the corresponding positive tense.

Questions

Use the same tense as the original statement.

Structure: (wh + verb + subject + verb + rest of the sentence)

If there's only one verb, conjugate the verb 'to be' in the corresponding tense.

Question words:

• What - qué
• When - cuándo
• Where - dónde
• How many - cuánto
• Who - quién
• Why - por qué
• Which - cuál

Relative Clauses

Defining

No commas needed. If the relative pronoun is the...

approach:hablar con..accurate:preciso autogrpah:autografo accuse of:acusar de apply for/to: solicitar arrive at/it: llegar a affluent:adinerado available:disponible access:acceso amount: cantidad avoid:evitar a breath of fresh air:un soplo a drop in the ocean:una gota en el mar bitter:amargo bright:vivo blind:ciego bodyguard:guardaespaldas ban:prohibir belly:vientre break down:averiarse romperse burglar:ladron bring up:criar crash:bloquearse crawl:gatear close up:primer plano carbon dioxide:dioxido de carbono charge the mobile phone:cargar crop:cosecha cut down:reducir carbon footprint:huella de carbono  consist of:constar de complain about/of:quejarse de catch a bus:autobus catch a cold:resfriado catch a fire:fuego catch one’s breath:aliento...

Unit 2: Negative Prefixes

• disapprove
• dishonesty
• disloyalty
• illegal
• illegible
• immature
• impolite
• maleducado
• impossible
• incompatible
• irrational
• irresponsible
• uncomfortable
• unusual

Extreme Adjectives

• amazed
• attractive
• brilliant
• clever
• delighted
• encantado
• devastated
• fascinated
• funny
• gorgeous
• precioso
• hideous
• horrible
• hilarius
• divertidisimo
• interested
• miserable
• pleased
• contento
• sad
• scared
• surprised
• terrified
• ugly
• upset
• alterado

Unit 3: Adventure

Verbs

• book
• reservar
• catch a plane
• explore
• go swimming
• go on an adventure
• go on holiday
• hire
• alquilar
• pack
• hacer la maleta
• spend a day
• sunbathe
• tomar el sol
• take a trip
• ir de viaje
• take a photograph

Nouns

• bugee jump
• puenting
• crevasse
• grieta
• desert
• summit
• cumbre
• sunburn
• suntan
• bronceado
• survival

Noun Suffixes

• ability
• ambition
• caution
• determination
• encouragement
• animo
• endurance
• resistencia
• enjoyment
• happiness
• imagination
• inspiration
• patience
• performance
• actuacion
• reality
• toughness
• resistencia
• violence
• weakness

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