Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Vatican City: Baroque Art and Architecture

Key Elements of the Baroque Period

Vatican 1:

• a) Vatican, Rome (IT)
• b) Lorenzo Bernini
• c) Baroque Style
• d) 1656-67
• e) Lintel

2: Historical Context: This period is notable for the interplay between crisis and progress. Many problems arose: social conflict, stagnation in agriculture and industry, pestilence, and war. However, it was also a time when colonial empires emerged, helping to alleviate these crises.

B) Cultural Context: The art center during the 17th century was in Rome. During this period, there was a scientific breakthrough in opera.

C) Religious Context: Religion saw a reaffirmation of the principles of the Catholic Church. The papacy was strengthened, and the Jesuits were created to curb the Counter-... Continue reading "Vatican City: Baroque Art, Architecture, and Religious Influence" »

Basque Vocabulary Reference

• Opportunity: Period, Distance
• Protective Abaroa: Budget, Shade
• Agidanean: Agidanez, Apparently Dane
• Ahituta: Exhausted, Spent, Repealed by Act
• Onden: Side, Ready, Hazelnut, Paraje
• Massive Flock: Group
• Alkondara: Shirt, Blouse
• Amaixa: Mother, Amaxe, Aube
• Amultsua: Begitartetsua, Maitatia
• Mass: Team, Queue
• Seminar: Seminary
• Foam: Wheel rims
• Port: Atetila, Transit, Bridge, Fence
• Trauskila: Clumsy, Montxo, Hard, Kankailua
• Baretu: Relax, Slow
• Mundila: Buoy, Beacons
• Immense: Never
• Egurastu: Airatu, Haizeberritu, Haizaratu
• Flow: Gift, Contributions, Results, Fruit
• Enpatxu: Barrier, Apology for inconvenience
• Committed: Responsible
• Beherarazi: Demolished, Boot
• Birth: Giving birth to children
• Sara: Seed
• Eriden: Discover
• Erna: Pregnant
• Erraina: Marriage,

1. Expository and Argumentative Texts

1.1. The Expository Text

An expository text aims to transmit, orally or in writing, content on a specific topic.

Purpose:

• To inform the receiver about a topic, aiming for comprehensive understanding.
• To inform non-specialized receivers, where the texts have an informative and expository character.

The purpose of expository texts is to explain a topic, transmit knowledge, and inform, not to convince or persuade.

Examples of expository texts include class explanations, conferences, specialized articles, exams, and manuals. Expository texts often blend with argumentative ones.

1.2. Characteristics of Expository Texts:

Objectivity, clarity, and order.

• Objectivity: Presented from an impartial point of view. Uses third-

René Descartes

Early Life and Education

René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, France. He was the son of a member of the lower nobility. At the age of eight, he was sent to the Jesuit college of La Flèche in Anjou, where he remained for eight years. Descartes received a typical classical education, with teachings in mathematics and scholasticism, aiming to guide human reason to understand Christian doctrine. The Catholic doctrine exerted a great influence on Descartes throughout his lifetime.

After concluding his studies at the school, he attended the University of Poitiers, graduating with a law degree in 1616. However, he never practiced law.

Career and Travels

In 1618, he entered the service of Prince Maurice of Nassau, Prince of... Continue reading "The Lives of Descartes and Machiavelli: Two Pillars of Philosophy" »

Alfonso X

Issues

Alfonso X aimed to preserve and promote Castilian language and culture. He believed in the importance of recording all areas of knowledge, including legal, social, economic, and scientific topics. This is reflected in the variety of themes present in his work.

Right

The Book of Laws, or Seven Parts, aimed to provide clear and rational legal rules for the people. It drew inspiration from Roman law and existing legal traditions.

Sciences

Alfonso X commissioned treatises on astronomy and studies on the properties of gemstones, demonstrating his interest in scientific knowledge.

Games and Entertainment

His work on chess, dice, and tables, translated from Arabic, provides insight into various forms of entertainment popular at the time.

History

Alfonso... Continue reading "13th-Century Spanish Literature: Alfonso X, Juan Manuel, and the Auto de Los Reyes Magos" »

Foundational Principles of Ethics and Society

Understanding Wisdom

Wisdom is more than just high-level knowledge; it is the sum of experience. While knowledge and understanding help us to make a living, wisdom helps us to truly live.

The Pursuit of Truth

Truth is the mission to find that natural certainty which humanity always seeks. The very act of searching implies an attempt to answer an indefinite number of "why" questions.

Defining Ethics

Ethics is the science of morality that studies human acts. These are conscious and voluntary human actions.

Ethics vs. Morality: A Deeper Look

Morality dictates that deceiving one's spouse is wrong. Unethical refers to the failure to act according to moral principles. Ethics is a theoretical and practical study... Continue reading "Foundational Principles: Ethics, Justice, and Democratic Governance" »

El Renacimiento: Segunda Mitad del Siglo XVI

Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, el Renacimiento se vio influenciado por la crítica de la Contrarreforma contra el protestantismo. Esto provocó una respuesta que prohibió la salida al extranjero, estudiar fuera y la lectura de libros externos.

Corrientes Poéticas

Lírica Petrarquista

Fernando de Herrera introdujo cambios positivos tanto en sus conceptos teóricos como en la lengua, buscando una renovación y belleza en su escritura. Escribió principalmente poesía amorosa.

Lírica Horaciana

Algunos autores se inclinaron por cultivar temas morales. Se caracteriza por el uso de la estrofa de la lira y un lenguaje escueto y recortado. Su máximo representante es Fray Luis de León.

Lírica Religiosa

En... Continue reading "Spanish Renaissance Poetry: Garcilaso and Mystic Lyricism" »

Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba

Located on the edge of an ancient Roman road facing the Guadalquivir River, the original mosque was built to provide a space for believers, expanding as conversions increased. It was constructed on the site of the former Visigothic church of San Vicente and extended in stages:

• First extension: Abd-al-Rahman II
• Second extension: Al-Hakam II
• Third extension: Almanzor

The entire complex is enclosed by battlements, buttresses, and monumental gateways, divided into the Haram (prayer hall) and the Sahn (courtyard).

The Haram

Original Mosque of Abd-al-Rahman I

Currently occupying the northwest corner of the building, this rectangular room is perpendicular to the qibla. The central nave is the widest, featuring marble columns reused... Continue reading "Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba and Medina Azahara History" »

Take Me to Heaven

Announcer

[Here she is, folks! The Queen of the Scene! The Diva with the Fee-vah! Lady Fabulous, 1978! Voulez-vous couchez avec...]

Deloris

[... me! Deloris Van Cartier - yaaaaay!]

KT/LaRosa

D-e-l-o-r-i-s!

Deloris

Let's light it up, Philadelphia!

• I've been thinking aboutcha since receiving your call.
• Can't see living withoutcha, you've got me mind, soul, body and all.

Deloris/KT/LaRosa

• Pray and I pray every night and each day...

Deloris

...hoping that you'll drop a line.

Deloris/KT/LaRosa

• Pray and I pray 'till you sweep me away straight to cloud number nine.
• You are simply too divine!
• Take me to heaven (heaven)!
• Take me to ecstasy (ecstasy)!
• I'll give you all I've got, 'cause nothing's as hot as when you groove with me.

KT/LaRosa

No, no, no, no!... Continue reading "Take Me to Heaven: Sister Act Lyrics and Performance" »

Spanish Family Members