Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Islamic History and Religious Practices

• During the month of Ramadan, Muslims: Fast
• Which Muslim Empire was located in India? Córdoba Empire
• Muslim scholars are credited with developing: Algebra
• The most sacred city in Islam is: Mecca

The Story of Passover and the Exodus

1. Passover, 2. Israel, 3. Slavery, 4. Egypt, 5. Moses, 6. Pharaoh, 7. Plagues, 8. Frogs, 9. Boils, 10. Hail, 11. Firstborn children, 12. Lamb's blood.

Key Terms in Islamic Faith

1. Muslims
2. Allah

Architectural Features of a Mosque

• Dome: A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.
  Importance: It plays a major role in the structure's covering.
• Minaret: A tall, slender tower with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.
  Importance:

BIOETHICS

Utilitarianism

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Consequentialism

Takes into account consequences that are different to life’s support.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOETHICS

• Positive: related to personal conditions and circumstances.
• Negative (prohibition): some are non-conditional and others are relative (avoiding less evil).

GENERAL BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLES (Belmont’s report)

• You shall represent human life at all levels.
• Respect human dignity.
• Both an embryo and an adult person must have independence of their life.
• Procure the good and avoid malfeasance.

HUMAN LIFE

• ‘A human being is a rational individual’.
• Rational Soul: men need to think in order to live (thinking is fundamental).
• Body: relation between human intelligence and body morphology.

ABORTION

• The

Core Christian Beliefs

• Monotheism: The belief in one God.
• Trinity: The belief that God is three in one.
• Faith: Firm belief without logical proof.
• Unity: God's way of being one.
• Creeds: Statements of Christian belief.
• Incarnation: The belief that God took human form in Jesus.
• Virgin Birth: The belief that Jesus was not conceived through sexual intercourse.
• Atonement: Reconciliation between God and humanity.
• Repentance: The act of being sorry for wrongdoing and deciding not to do it again.
• Salvation: The act of deliverance from sin or being saved from evil.
• Compassion: A feeling of pity which makes one want to help the sufferer.

Church Structure and Governance

• Catholic: Universal or worldwide.
• Holy: Of, or relating to, God; sacred.
• Apostolic: The belief that

Plymouth Street Index

This index lists the streets of Plymouth alongside their neighbourhoods and nearby junctions, roundabouts and landmarks. Use it to locate roads across districts such as St Budeaux, Plympton, Plymstock, Crownhill, Peverell and the Barbican.

Streets A to D

• Pemros Road, St Budeaux, near Trelawny Place and Tamar Bridge
• Peters Park Lane, St Budeaux, near Victoria Road and Trevithick Road
• Peverell Park Road, Peverell, near Outland Road and Hyde Park Road
• Ponsonby Road, Milehouse, near De La Hay and Alma Road
• Priory Road, Lower Compton, near Blanford Road and Chaple Way
• Reddicliff Road, Hooe, near Hooe Road and Reddicliff Close
• Regent Street, Greenbank / Drake Circus, near Tavistock Place and Lipson Road
• Ringmore Way, West Park, near Budshead

Mythical Genre

Found in the Old Testament, this term originates from the Greek word mythos, meaning reflection. Myths seek to express opinions or messages regarding deep realities experienced by all humans. By using symbolic language, they aim to reach the origins and the depth of the human experience. Therefore, biblical myths must be interpreted to discover the profound truths they convey.

Gospel Genre

Found in the New Testament (specifically Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John), the term comes from the Greek word meaning "Good News." It is a proclamation regarding Jesus. The Gospels serve as a testimony of faith in Him.

Legendary Genre

Located in the Old Testament, these are stories passed down through generations. They often enlarge the deeds of heroes...

Alberto Méndez's *The Blind Sunflowers*: A Post-War Reflection

The text before us belongs to the book The Blind Sunflowers, by Alberto Méndez (1941-2005), a writer unknown until the appearance of this work, but connected to the world of publishing and the author of scripts for television. Despite being his first and only book (the author died eleven months after publication), The Blind Sunflowers was met with unanimous recognition from critics and was posthumously awarded the prestigious 2005 National Book Award and the 2005 Critics' Prize.

The work consists of four separate stories cleverly interwoven with each other. In these stories are narrated personal defeats framed in the most difficult period of the Spanish Civil War, the years 1936...

Councils Against Heresies

The Church Faithful to the Apostolic Tradition

Heresies are misinterpretations of Christian doctrine. There were many in the early centuries, such as:

• The Council of Nicea: Condemned the doctrine of Arius, stating that Jesus Christ was not equal to the Father but less than Him; therefore, Christ was not God.
• Council of Ephesus: Declared that Nestorius's view of Christ was incorrect, as it denied the divine nature in Christ.
• The Council of Chalcedon: Further defined the nature of Christ.

Early Christian and Byzantine Art

Basilica

With the Edicts of Milan and Thessaloniki, Christians could publicly practice their religion. With the possibility of building spaces for worship, Roman public buildings were taken as a model. Basilicas...

Cantar de Mio Cid

Fragment I: Analysis

1. Observable characteristics of King Alfonso

King Alfonso is a strong ruler who demands absolute obedience, enforcing his will through severe consequences. This is evident in the passage where, driven by hatred for the Cid, he issues a decree stating that anyone providing shelter to the Cid will lose their property and their eyes.

2. Manifested traits of the Cid

After a young girl informs the Cid of the King's mandate to punish those who offer him shelter, he remains composed despite his fury. He travels to Santa Maria, kneels in prayer, and rests on the sand with his followers. This demonstrates his patience and restraint, while his followers' continued loyalty highlights the respect he commands due to his...

Metric: Castilian Lyric

In traditional lyric poems, minor art of different sizes, assonance, and rhyme predominate. Carols, composed of a chorus and verse, encompass two or three verses that are repeated. It is a poem of art minor verses, usually with assonance rhyme.

Jarcha

Most jarchas have four verses, with a widespread tendency to rhyme even verses only (although there is some cross-rhyme and common even rhyme). The next most frequent are two verses, and trísticos also abound, usually monorhythmic, but also of two rhymes. The most frequent verse types are hexasyllabic, octosyllabic, and heptasyllabic. The rhyme is generally consonant, though often imperfect.

Epic: Song of My Cid

Each verse is divided into two hemistiches by a caesura. Both...

12th Century: A Century of Transformation

The twelfth century witnessed fundamental changes in society. The beginning of the Crusades, population growth, and the influx of gold, among other factors, influenced the development of trade and the growth of cities. The economy still had its foundation in the countryside. The 12th century is known as a period of great prosperity in Europe, which improved living conditions.

Rise of Urban Life and the Bourgeoisie

A new social class, urban life in the Late Medieval period, appeared with great vigor. The nobility and the clergy were still the most important estates, but many traders thrived within cities, creating the bourgeoisie. While the majority of citizens lived modestly, focused on craft and trade,...