Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Religion for Baccalaureate

Metaphysics and the Functions of Religion

Religion responds to the problems of reality and existence by rationally analyzing the metaphysics of religion. It serves two primary functions:

• Establishing communication between human beings and a scope that transcends them, which attempts to explain the mysteries of life.
• Maintaining a social component within the human experience.

Common Traits of the Sacred and the Religious

The religious experience is composed of several common traits:

• Recognition of a transcendent scope: Acknowledging a reality that transcends human life and contingent physical existence.
• The Sacred vs. The Profane: The transcendent area is sacred and separate from the profane, yet it influences it.
• Awe and Admiration: The sacred inspires

Moral and Religious Literature

1. Crisis: Schism marked the end of the Middle Ages and a spiritual crisis. Cable Religion figures.

2. Francesc Eiximenis: (14th century) Franciscan Order, influential in Europe. Didactic and informational aims. (Exempla) comics (public and secular majority): the Christian, Book of Angels, and women.

3. Saint Vincent Ferrer: Valencia (14th-15th century) Dominican friar, influential. Preached throughout Europe. Intention to reform the moral traditions of society. (Sermons): oral texts designed to preach (280) copied by priests and penitents. Charisma, aldermen, Martin of Aragon, and Jews. Gestures, onomatopoeia.

4. Anselm Turmeda: (14th century) Franciscan friar, converted to Islam (revered), prohibited by the Inquisition....

The Dialogue Between Doctrines

The dialogue between different doctrines is only possible when you accept two assumptions: that none possesses the plain truth and that all are on an equal footing regarding their rationale and criteria of justification. Christianity denies both cases. By asserting the divine origin of Christian truth—presented as "truth" without qualification—it elevated its ground and justification criteria to a higher plane than the philosophical doctrines with which it engaged. This attitude displeased the philosophers, who found it primitive and insulting.

The Christian Image of God

Although Christianity is not a philosophy, the content of Christian faith includes doctrines that offer answers to traditional philosophical...

El Renacimiento: Segunda Mitad del Siglo XVI

Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, el Renacimiento se vio influenciado por la crítica de la Contrarreforma contra el protestantismo. Esto provocó una respuesta que prohibió la salida al extranjero, estudiar fuera y la lectura de libros externos.

Corrientes Poéticas

Lírica Petrarquista

Fernando de Herrera introdujo cambios positivos tanto en sus conceptos teóricos como en la lengua, buscando una renovación y belleza en su escritura. Escribió principalmente poesía amorosa.

Lírica Horaciana

Algunos autores se inclinaron por cultivar temas morales. Se caracteriza por el uso de la estrofa de la lira y un lenguaje escueto y recortado. Su máximo representante es Fray Luis de León.

Lírica Religiosa

En...

The Supreme Being: God

There is a supreme and incomprehensible reality of the human experience named as God. We designate this reality as the Mystery, a presence felt in the realm of the sacred that invites humanity to a personal reorganization.

This is not a concept that can be learned or discovered; it is an experience. The religious presence in its proximity is absolutely real, yet simultaneously unprovable, as we cannot rely on rational evidence to demonstrate such a presence.

The Nature of the Divine

This reality is fundamentally different and superior to humanity—it is the "totally other" in contrast to the mundane and the natural; therefore, it is transcendent. At the same time, it feels intimately close in the depths of the person. This...

Cantar de Mio Cid

Fragment I: Analysis

1. Observable characteristics of King Alfonso

King Alfonso is a strong ruler who demands absolute obedience, enforcing his will through severe consequences. This is evident in the passage where, driven by hatred for the Cid, he issues a decree stating that anyone providing shelter to the Cid will lose their property and their eyes.

2. Manifested traits of the Cid

After a young girl informs the Cid of the King's mandate to punish those who offer him shelter, he remains composed despite his fury. He travels to Santa Maria, kneels in prayer, and rests on the sand with his followers. This demonstrates his patience and restraint, while his followers' continued loyalty highlights the respect he commands due to his...

Metric: Castilian Lyric

In traditional lyric poems, minor art of different sizes, assonance, and rhyme predominate. Carols, composed of a chorus and verse, encompass two or three verses that are repeated. It is a poem of art minor verses, usually with assonance rhyme.

Jarcha

Most jarchas have four verses, with a widespread tendency to rhyme even verses only (although there is some cross-rhyme and common even rhyme). The next most frequent are two verses, and trísticos also abound, usually monorhythmic, but also of two rhymes. The most frequent verse types are hexasyllabic, octosyllabic, and heptasyllabic. The rhyme is generally consonant, though often imperfect.

Epic: Song of My Cid

Each verse is divided into two hemistiches by a caesura. Both...

Kant and the Enlightenment: Historical Context

Kant. Historical context. The Enlightenment of the 18th century gave rise to a new model of the world and of the way people live. Even now, different social classes coexist: the bourgeois, the aristocrat, and the common people. While the bourgeois becomes more active through income and practical possibilities, a new way of thinking appears that reflects the intellectual enlightenment of the era. This movement originated in England and spread rapidly across the European continent. The key element of the Enlightenment was the vindication of human reason and the autonomy of thought. The new world would be a happier one.

The Enlightenment brought about a modification of the 18th-century European political...

Saint Augustine and the Crisis of the Roman Empire

Primarily during the late Roman Empire, Platonic thought dominated the intellectual world. In 391, Christianity became the official religion of the Empire, and by the early fifth century the Empire was weakened and its frontiers were threatened by barbaric peoples. In 410, the sack of Rome by Alaric marked the definitive collapse of the Empire. Augustine worked within this context of philosophical thought.

Augustine's work was framed by a new situation for philosophy and Christianity: Christianity and history (creation), Christianity and truth (truth revealed by God), Christianity and the image of God (creation-father), and Christianity and the concept of the soul.

The Life of Augustine

Augustine,...