Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Psychology and sociology for University

1. Social media emphasizes the 'me' by saying that it is the most socialized aspect of the person. This is gained through repeated interaction with people. With social media, where the interaction rate should be high, chances are people would know the 'me' of the person rather than the 'I'.

2. The second sex is defined as the duality of sexes in which women are always second to men. Men are expected to go to war and be the breadwinner of the family. Females, on the other hand, are defined by the deviation of men. They are the stay-at-home women who would take care of their kids.

3. Double consciousness describes the internal conflict experienced by the subordinated groups in an oppressive society. One would struggle being part of a racist and...

Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Relations between beliefs are determined more by the expectations of the person than by their objective or logical relationships. Re-establishing consistency between attitudes or beliefs is generated automatically, and its achievement is gratifying.

Factors Determining Dissonance Magnitude

The magnitude of the dissonance caused by inconsistencies depends on two factors:

• The importance the elements have for the subject.
• The number of dissonant elements and the similarity between them.

Strategies to Reduce Dissonance

There are several strategies one can employ to reduce dissonance:

1. Edit: Modify one of the elements so that the relationship between beliefs becomes consistent.
2. Place: Introduce new cognitions in

Medicinal Plants, Vegetable Drugs, and Herbal Medicine

Concepts: Current situation, place in therapeutics, advantages, limitations, and information sources.

Active Metabolites of Plants

Primary and secondary metabolites.

Collection of Medicinal Plants

Cultivation, improvement, collection, conservation, and storage.

Quality, Safety, and Efficacy

Quality control, identification trials, adulteration, counterfeiting, standardization, pesticide analysis, and biological contamination.

Preparation of Herbal Medicines

Raw materials, herbal preparations, solid and liquid forms, simple shapes, associations, solvent extraction, distillation, and expression.

Forms of Management

Preparations for external and internal use, dosing, and prescription in phytotherapy.

Aromatherapy

Therapeutic...

f) Take into consideration the multiplicity of perspectives and actors that exist in the social space in which we intervene.
The challenge of community work is based on the plurality of points of view and try a form of intervention that seeks to recognize the explanations of the situations that perform the various subjects (the people, politicians and professionals).

g) Recognize the existence of diversity and plurality within the profession itself.
Subjects with ideological content (crime, drugs, immigration, poverty, etc..) Raise different positions and / or divergent in practice.

h) At present the concept of community development is being replaced by social development.
For social development, understand the processes of hatching and revitalization...

What is Sociology? A Different Approach to Reality

Sociology is a different and unusual way to approach reality and ask questions about it. It forces us to think differently, questioning everything, even established truths. It provides tools and information that compel us to reflect on things we normally overlook.

Fundamental Rules of Sociological Inquiry

1. The way things are is not necessarily how I would like them to be.
2. Things are as they are, but they are not what they seem. "Appearances are deceptive."
3. The way things are might be different. Things are not eternal; they vary.

Core Principles of Sociology

1. What is defined as real has real consequences in social life.
2. We spend time putting labels on others ("The labels say more about the tagger than

1 Motor Skills Research

Basic motor skills consolidate, refine, and apply to various motor learning processes. This improves motor tasks, yielding strength, speed, endurance, agility, balance, and coordination. Maturity and effectiveness are seen in inception tasks, breaks, reception, beating, and kicking.

• These are distinct factors of physical fitness.
• Differences between boys and girls are increasingly less apparent.
• Improvement in perceptual-cognitive mechanisms (reaction time, decision making, attention, perception, etc.) is observed.
• Differences found between sexes are often due to socialization and expectations, but the potential for motor learning is equal for both sexes.
• Physical qualities evolve as a result of biological factors and training.

Understanding Hybristophilia: Attraction to Criminals

Key Terminology Related to Hybristophilia

• Heinous: Horrible, extremely evil (atroz).
• Assault: A violent physical attack (agresión).
• Paraphilia: A condition characterized by abnormal sexual desire or activities (parafilia).
• Notoriety: The state of being famous or well-known, especially for something bad (mala fama).
• Hostage: A prisoner taken (rehén).
• Oppressor: One who treats people cruelly.
• Reciprocity: A mutual exchange of benefits, help, and support in a relationship.
• Susceptible: Easily influenced.
• Obscure: Not clear.
• Deed: An act (acción o hecho).
• Captor: One who takes a hostage.
• Allure: Attraction, charm (atraer).

Defining Hybristophilia

The term Hybristophilia is derived from the Greek roots:...

Cerebellum's Role in Learning

Thompson identified the lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP) in the cerebellum as crucial for learning. Blocking LIP activity during conditioning prevents learning responses. Studies confirm LIP's necessity for learning, retention, and extinction.

Types of Memory

Short-Term Memory

• For recent events, limited capacity.
• Fades quickly without rehearsal (around 20 seconds).

Long-Term Memory

• For older events, vast capacity.
• Can last for years, aided by cues.

Consolidation

Process of crystallizing short-term memories into long-term.

Working Memory (WM)

Brain system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks (learning, reasoning). Requires simultaneous storage and processing, linked to prefrontal cortex...

Acronyms

• OB: Organizational Behavior - The study of how people impact behavior within organizations.
• EBM: Evidence-Based Management - Using scientific evidence for managerial decisions.
• GMA: General Mental Ability - An overall factor of intelligence.
• ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act - Prohibits discrimination based on disability.
• POS: Perceived Organizational Support - How much employees believe an organization values them.
• AET: Affective Events Theory - Workplace events cause emotional reactions that influence behavior.
• EI: Emotional Intelligence - The ability to understand others' emotions.
• MBTI: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - A personality test classifying people into 16 types.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Organizational Behavior

Key Concepts

• Manager:

Functions of Social Institutions

Social institutions fulfill critical roles within society, categorized into positive functions that promote stability and negative features that can hinder individual adaptation.

Positive Functions of Social Institutions

• Simplify Social Control: Institutions generalize ways of behaving and thinking, which are internalized during the socialization process.
• Provide Established Roles: They provide individuals with established forms of relationships and roles, to which members merely adapt.
• Agents of Coordination and Stability: They act as agents of coordination and stability for mass culture, satisfying various social needs.
• Behavior Regulators: They serve as behavior regulators, generating conformity and social expectation,