Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Psychology and sociology for University

Understanding Crisis and Vulnerability

It is frequently observed that individuals (or customers) present themselves in situations of great tension, disruption, and vulnerability.

Defining Crisis (Caplan's Model)

Caplan defines crisis as a disturbance in a stable condition, caused by a stressful situation, affecting a person or group that previously maintained an adequate level of functioning, thereby causing an imbalance.

The Family as a Dynamic System

The family is a system that develops and evolves over time alongside its members. At each historical moment, members have temporary needs and specific tasks. Any change—positive or negative, intended or unintended—that occurs in individuals or the ecosystem affects the entire family unit.

The most...

Foundational Systems in Psychology

A psychological system can be defined as an organization and interpretation of data and theories, built upon special budgets (postulates), definitions, and methodological preferences.

In essence, each system represents a particular bias towards the selection of problems, methods, observations, and interpretations within the field of psychology.

Criteria for a Psychological System

1. It should include a clear definition within its field.
2. It should make its results explicit.
3. It must specify the nature of the data to be studied.
4. It should explain the organization of data and its connection principles.
5. It must specify the method used.

Major Psychological Systems and Their Principles

1. Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt / Edward

Memory: The ability to record, store, and recall experiences (information, ideas, images, feelings). It is a major human function resulting from complex connections between neurons. These connections allow humans to process past situations. Memories begin when an efficient neuronal circuit strengthens the synapse.

Basic Principles:
- Encoding: Converting information into a storable and retrievable form.
- Storage: The capacity to retain information over time.
- Retrieval: Accessing stored information.

Types of Memory:
* Sensory Memory: Retains information for 1-2 seconds until processed. For example, a flash of light allows us to be aware of visual sensory memory. We see things instantly, then study the image left behind. The two most important...

Phillips 6/6

Obtain a group's ideas on a subject quickly. Understand group concerns. Survey group knowledge on a topic. Summarize, sort, and link ideas.

Whisperer

Review or consolidate previously supplied reports. Designate the topic at hand.

Seminary

Achieve findings and assess any type. Coordinate and actively participate. Cabinet: Concrete conclusions and immediate problem-solving. Make decisions based on facts. Organize groups. Oblige participants to research and document. Start studying a topic or delve into it. Designate a "president" of the table.

Risk

Reduce or eliminate collective fears or risks from certain situations. Guide the group to see the situation calmly.

Rumor

Demonstrate how information is distorted from particular interpretations....

Classroom Observation and Assessment

Observation in natural settings, such as a classroom, is crucial. These interactions provide valuable insights for various professionals, including speech therapists and psychopedagogues, to inform different activities. This can be observed in any situation, such as group activities, game scenarios, and class discussions.

Observation and Recording Methods

• Timing: Brief observations conducted over several days.
• Record Types:
  • Daily Records: Anecdotal notes.
  • Systematic Observations: Using predefined categories of behavior.
• Tests: Standardized assessments or tests like the Monfort Induced Phonological Test.

Understanding Learning Difficulties

Learning Difficulties (LD): These are challenges that disrupt a student's personal...

Selective Exposure

Dolf Zillmann provides a theoretical explanation of how people interact with the media. Persuasion in media has the power to convince people. Media has the power to change behavior, attitude, thinking, and emotions.

He wonders why entertainment is not being studied as an agent of mass media.

He points out two different areas: effects research/media effects, and audience research.

Theories are made on assumptions. Assumptions in social science disciplines are never tested. Soul, feelings, intelligence are nothing you can observe. Behaviorists study human behaviors. Around 1970, they understood that they should study not what media does to humans, but what humans do to media.

Communications is a result of sociology plus psychology....

Definitions of Attitude

An internal predisposition to think, feel, and act towards an object, which is learned and relatively stable. It serves as a mediator between an object and a series of responses from the subject.

Refers to the structure of long-term memory, based on the internalization of scripts (schemas) that encompass a set of beliefs, feelings, and potential behaviors relevant to given situations.

A lasting organization of beliefs and cognitions in general, endowed with an emotional charge for or against a definite object, which predisposes an individual to act consistently with the cognitions and emotions related to that object.

Attitude Structure and Components

The complexity of an attitude implies that it incorporates the following...

The Partner Perspective in Sports: Empirical Science and Society Studies

This collection series examines the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and independent American and former French colonies. It explores the development of the 19th century, including societal changes like technological advancements, transportation, demographic growth, social mobility, and bureaucratization. Modern sports are a parallel phenomenon to social development, culture, and globalization. Distinct dimensions of sociology are considered:

• Functional (organic): Society as an interconnected system.
• Marxist: Focuses on the struggle between different interest groups.
• Figurative: Examines how conduct is regulated.
• Structuralism: Analyzes social classes.
• Symbolic

Motor Development

Physical and motor development is an ongoing process. Growth, along with the development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS), results in improved coordination and body control. This motor development fuels psychomotor development, a cyclical process where motor and intellectual development are intertwined. During this stage, children acquire and refine various skills.

Intellectual Development

According to Piaget, this stage is marked by concrete operational thought. Children begin using symbols for mental operations, shifting from physical activities to mental ones. They develop a curiosity about the "why" behind things. Their skills in sorting, handling numbers, ordering, and classifying objects improve.

Fundamental