Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Psychology and sociology for Secondary education

Constitutional Amendments & Policing

Key Amendments

• 4th Amendment: Searches and seizures (exclusionary rule)
• 5th Amendment:
  • Grand jury indictment
  • Double jeopardy
  • Due process
  • Self-incrimination
• 6th Amendment:
  • Public and speedy trial
  • Impartial jury
  • Notice of the nature and cause of accusation
  • Confront opposing witness
  • Assistance of counsel
• 8th Amendment:
  • Excessive bail
  • Cruel and unusual punishment

Policing Duties and Constitutional Protections

• Arrest
• Searches
  • Searches with warrants
  • Searches without warrants
• Interrogations

Incarceration Disparities

Black people are incarcerated at a rate 80% higher than whites.

Deterrence and Capital Punishment

Summary of Deterrence: The idea that abolishing the death penalty leads to a rise in murder has little support. There's no...

FREUD

·Oral: sucking and feeding

·Anal: focus of pleasure and toilet training

·Phallic: penis is the most important body part

·Latency: sexual need is acquired

·Genital: genital attention and sexual stimulation

·Adulthood: Continuation of all stages

ERICKSON family/culture

Developmental crisis

·Trust vs. Mistrust: being help, cared

·Autonomy vs. Shame: become self sufficient

·Initiative vs. Guilt: undertake adult activities

·Industry vs. Inferiority: master new skills

·Identity vs. Role confusion: development self-sense

·Intimacy vs. Isolation: develop relationships

·Generativity vs. Stagnation: contribute to the Future generations

·Integrity vs. Despair: make sense of your life

PIAGET

·Sensorimotor: use the sense and motor skills to Understand...

Conversation Analysis

• An approach to studying social interaction, encompassing verbal and non-verbal conduct in everyday life.

• Seeks to uncover how members of a society create a sense of social order.

• CA posits that the meaning of an action derives from its placement within a series of actions. For example, "I did it too" only makes sense in context.

• It establishes its own assumptions, methodology, and theoretical framework.

• Its primary concerns are the organization of knowledge, social order, sense-making, social rules, and structures within interactions.

Ethnomethodology

• A sociological perspective focusing on how people interpret their everyday world.

• "Analysis of ways of doing and knowing".

• Its central focus is connecting knowledge, action, and context.

Defining Stress: A Complex Reaction

Stress is a complex series of reactions, both psychological and physical, in response to demanding or threatening situations.

What Are Stressors? Events Causing Demands

Stressors are events that produce physical and psychological demands on a person.

Common Types of Stressors Categorized

Types of stressors include:

• Environmental: Such as heat, noise.
• Physiological: Such as drugs, tobacco.
• Emotional: Such as pressures, life events.

Signs of Being Stressed: Typical Manifestations

Typically, people who are stressed out may show signs such as:

• Eating too much food.
• Abusing substances.
• Having difficulty focusing attention, making decisions, or sleeping.

Key Human Responses to Stress

Responses to stress can be:

• Psychological
• Cognitive
• Emotional
• Behavioral

Selye'

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: A Breach of Ethical Principles

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was conducted from 1932 to 1972 near Tuskegee, Alabama. For 40 years, 600 poor, mostly illiterate African American men were monitored; 400 of them were infected with syphilis. While free medical examinations were provided, subjects were never informed of their diagnosis. Despite penicillin becoming a readily available cure in the 1950s, the study persisted until 1972. Participants were deliberately denied proper treatment, instead receiving fake treatments or placebos. In several instances, when other physicians diagnosed subjects with syphilis, researchers actively intervened to prevent them from receiving genuine care. Many participants suffered slow, painful...

Understanding Sensation and Perception in Marketing

Sensation and Perception Defined

• Sensation is the immediate response of our sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and fingers) to basic stimuli (light, color, sound, odor, and texture).
• Perception is the process by which sensations are selected, organized, and interpreted.

The Role of Sensory Marketing

Sensory marketing means that companies pay extra attention to how our sensations affect our product experiences. Marketers recognize that our senses help us to decide which products appeal to us.

Sensory Thresholds in Consumer Behavior

Have you ever blown a dog whistle and watched your pooch respond to a sound you cannot hear? You won’t be surprised to learn that there are some stimuli that...

Personality Disorders and Their Characteristics

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Individuals with Paranoid Personality Disorder project their own internal conflicts and hostility onto others. They are typically cold and distant.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Characteristics often include:

• Being introverted, detached, and solitary.
• Appearing cold and distant.
• Being absorbed in their own thoughts and feelings, often fearing intimacy.
• Feeling indifferent to both criticism and compliments.
• Exhibiting little sexual desire.
• Preferring theoretical speculation to action; not very talkative.
• Using fantasy as a common way of dealing with reality.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder, similar to those with Schizoid Personality...

Core Attitudes for Ethical Care

Providing quality care requires specific attitudes: Hope, Humility, Confidence, Courage, Clarity, Respect, and Independence.

Fundamental Patient Rights

• Autonomy: The right to be yourself and judge your own desires. Failing to recognize this is a failure to acknowledge the individual.
• Liberty: The right to act and pursue personal purposes without interference.
• Truth: The right to act based on an objective view of reality.
• Privacy: The right to make personal decisions regarding charity and law, ensuring protection from harm while increasing self-care capacity.
• Fidelity: The commitment to preserve established agreements.

Understanding Confidentiality and Its Limits

Professional secrecy may be breached in specific scenarios:...

The Scientific Method and Measurement

1. The Scientific Method

Scientific work describes the laws of nature through a valid and reliable process known as the scientific method.

1.2. Developing a Hypothesis

A scientific hypothesis is an assumption that must meet the following conditions:

• It must refer to a real situation.
• It must be stated as accurately as possible, using specific variables.
• The relationship between the hypothesis variables must be observable and measurable.

1.3 The Experiment

An experiment involves repeating the observation of a phenomenon under controlled conditions, sometimes replicating situations that do not occur naturally.

Variables in an Experiment

A variable is a factor whose change influences the results of an experiment.

A control...

Understanding Personal and Social Autonomy Skills

Adaptive Behavior and Adaptive Skills

This learning involves acquiring a set of habits, personal skills, and social autonomy that enable adaptation to one's environment, or in other words, demonstrate adaptive behavior.

When discussing intellectual disability, it refers to individuals who exhibit substantial limitations in current adaptive functioning. These limitations are typically observed in two or more of the ten recognized adaptive skill areas.

Categories of Adaptive Skills

These skills are crucial for functioning effectively in various aspects of life:

• Life at Home Skills

  Includes skills related to functioning within the home environment.

• Health and Safety Skills

  Skills related to maintaining