Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Psychology and sociology for Secondary education

Understanding Science: The Pursuit of Knowledge

Science is the ordered set of goals through which we acquire knowledge about the world we inhabit. These knowledge objectives relate to the objects themselves, independent of our personal ways of thinking or feeling.

Our current scientific knowledge is vast and diverse. For clarity, it is often divided into several primary fields that study specific aspects of nature:

• Geology: Studies the composition and structure of the Earth, the changes it has undergone over time, and the characteristics and uses of rocks and minerals.
• Biology: Studies life and all forms of living things, including how they live, relate to each other, and interact with their environment (e.g., bird migration).
• Chemistry: Studies

Psychological Well-Being and Mental Health

Mental Health Definitions

Mental health can be determined by biological or psychological factors.

Classic Mental Health Concept

• The cause of the disorder is considered to be internal to the individual.

Modern Mental Health Concept (Biopsychosocial)

• This concept is based on a holistic view of the individual.
• It suggests that problems are often caused by the social environment.

Holistic View: Understanding all factors that influence the individual and cause their behavior.

Defining Mental Health (M. Health, 1993)

Mental health was once referred to as the absence of mental illness. Now, a broader concept includes:

• Upgrading one's own potential.
• Maintaining a relationship of mutual respect with the social and environmental

Adolescence: the period when young people define their position towards the family, peers and the society they live.

SEXUAL IDENTITY: is related to sexual patterns that represent each person in society.

THE ADOLESCENT psychosexual development: It is when the teen goes aaprendiendo what is sexuality,

CHILDREN: The child has significant physical and psychological changes

Adolescence: the interim period between childhood and adulthood

Adulthood: the individual possesses the maturity and responsibility to deal with family patterns

PUBERTY: the behavior of humans is the product of social and biological factors.

PHYSICAL CHANGES: teenage morphological changes occur and a major sexual maturation

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES: orientation should receive counseling...

Understanding Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis was created by Sigmund Freud near the end of the 19th century. It was initially met with opposition from the accepted scientific and psychological communities, as its vision did not align with their established theories.

Freud's Therapeutic Techniques

Freud was initially critical of hypnosis but used it, finding it had some value. He observed that in a hypnotic state, people could recall things they did not normally remember.

He later developed more advanced techniques, such as free association, where the patient was invited to say whatever came to mind, including recounting their dreams. After the patient spoke, Freud would analyze the content, looking for underlying desires, fears, conflicts, emotions,...

Philosophical Perspectives on the Human Being

Monism

Monism posits that the human being is a unitary entity. Within this view, there are two opposing perspectives:

• Behavioral Monism: Human action, including responses to external stimuli, is the primary focus of study.
• Reductive Monism: All mental states are ultimately neurophysiological states.

Functionalism

Functionalism suggests that mental processes are not defined by their physical substance (like neurons) but by the function they perform, such as computing or thinking.

Emergentism

Emergentism offers a synthesis of monism and dualism. It proposes that mental states emerge from physical states but possess properties that are distinct from them.

Personalism

This view emphasizes the unity of the human...

What is Psychology?

Etymology of Psychology

Greek: psyche (soul, spirit)

Greek: logos (study)

Definition of Psychology

Science that studies the behavior of individuals and their mental processes, including internal influences that occur within individuals and in their physical and social environment.

Importance of Psychology

It is important to understand the psychological aspects of oneself and others to adapt more appropriately to the environment, especially during college life and adulthood.

What are Psychological Processes?

Aspects of the psyche that enable people to perform various psychological actions and cognitive functions in daily life.

Perception

The mode in which the body and mind work so that we are aware and realize what is happening in our...

Core Educational Principles

Comprehensiveness

A comprehensive approach to character education defines character holistically, including its cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. A comprehensive school is a public institution for elementary or secondary-aged children that does not select its intake based on academic achievement or aptitude.

Quality

Quality is the degree to which an entity (process, product, or service) satisfies specified requirements. A quality education provides the outcomes necessary for individuals, communities, and societies to prosper.

Equality

Equality is the condition of being equal in dignity, quality, measure, or value. Everyone is equal before the law, possessing the same rights and duties. All humans enjoy the...

Ethical Leadership and Workplace Politics Effects

Political behavior at work moderates the effects of ethical leadership. One study found male employees were more responsive to ethical leadership and showed the most citizenship behavior when levels of both politics and ethical leadership were high. Women, on the other hand, appeared most likely to engage in citizenship behavior when the environment was consistently ethical and apolitical.

Defensive Behaviors in Political Environments

When employees see politics as a threat, they often respond with defensive behaviors—reactive and protective behaviors to avoid action, blame, or change. In the short run, employees may find that defensiveness protects their self-interest, but in the long run, it...

Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. Although autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is described as a “developmental disorder” because symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a manual created by the American Psychiatric Association used to diagnose mental disorders, people with ASD have:

• Difficulty with communication and interaction with other people
• Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors
• Symptoms that hurt the person’s ability to function properly in school, work, and other areas of life

Autism is known as a “spectrum” disorder because...

Derek Parfit: The Argument of Fission

The effective argument imagines a scenario where one person splits into two. First, people have survived operations in which an entire hemisphere of one brain is removed. While the person may be changed in very significant ways, we do not consider them to be numerically distinct from the original person who chose to undergo the procedure.

Also, if a brain could be transplanted into a different body, the person would go where the brain goes; in other words, our brains are essential to our identity.

Third, we can assume that if it were possible to, say, destroy one hemisphere and transplant the other into a new body, the resulting person would be numerically identical to the original person that existed prior...