Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

The Republic (1873-1874)

After the abdication, the Cortes voted the Republic as the new form of government. However, the regime was unstable, headed by a political minority, the Republicans, who were themselves divided into those in favor of a unitary state, those in favor of a federal one, and finally the supporters of a presidential Republic.

These disputes undermined the credibility of the Republic. Therefore, the monarchists (such as Cánovas del Castillo), supporting the candidature of Isabella's son, Prince Alfonso of Bourbon, began to pave the peaceful way to the restoration of the monarchy, which they wanted to identify with political tradition and stability.

Eventually, it was a military coup (led by General Pavia) that really ended the... Continue reading "Spanish History: Republic, Restoration, and Canovist System" »

English Grammar Exercises

1. (5a, 4b, 3c, 1d, 2e)
2. (2a, 4b, 1c, 3d)
3. (4a, 3b, 2c, 5d, 1e)
4. (1 finish, 2 prevent, 3 still, 4 wind, 5 overrated, 6 catch, 7 in, 8 warm, 9 succeed, 10 issue, 11 take effect, 12 blame, 13 trust, 14 advise, 15 calls)

Sentence Completion

1. I find it very difficult to get over the English exams.
2. I feel miserable when I don't pass the exam.
3. I would love to strengthen my English.
4. My life will improve if I enjoy it every day.
5. Talking with my friends keeps me sane.
6. I can't deal with crazy people.
7. I must cut down on my hours of doing nothing.
8. I always insist on not using drugs.
9. I rely on passing the exam.
10. I participated in the race and I won.
11. I never argue with my father.

Verb Conjugation

1. (1)
2. read
3. are changing
4. are sitting
5. live
6. (6)
7. (7)
8. (8) combines
9. calls
10. choose
11. (

Atlanta: A Historical Summary

Indigenous Roots and Founding

• The land where Atlanta now stands was originally Cherokee and Creek territory until the forced removal of these tribes.
• The Creek tribe ceded the territory to the state of Georgia in 1821.
• Atlanta was founded in 1836 and officially became a city in 1847.

The Civil War Era

Atlanta as a Confederate Stronghold

During the Civil War, Atlanta's population reached 15,000, making it a vital railway junction and a leading supply center for Confederate troops. This strategic importance made it the primary target of General William Tecumseh Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga.

• Several major battles occurred near the city before its capture on September 1, 1864.
• Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuated

Charts and Graphs

• Pie chart
• Line graph
• Bar chart
• Table
• Flow chart
• Organigram

Types of Lines in Graphs

• Solid line
• Curve
• Fluctuating line
• Dotted line (puntos)
• Axis
• Undulating line
• Broken line

Describing Trends: Increase

• To increase = raise (aumentar)
• Rise = go up (subir)
• Grow
• Boom / soar / climb (remontar)
• Jump = skyrocket (dispararse)
• To reach a peak (pico)

Describing Trends: Decrease

• To decrease
• Fall
• Plunge (picado)
• Drop
• Go down
• Decline
• Collapse

Describing Trends: Stability

• To remain stable
• Stay constant
• Stabilize

Describing Trends: Leveling Off

• To level off / out = flatten out (nivelar)
• Stop or start falling / rising

Trend Modifiers: Size

• Dramatically
• Vastly
• Hugely
• Significantly
• Considerably
• Slightly (leve)

Trend Modifiers: Speed

• Substantially
• Rapidly
• Suddenly
• Gradually

Incoterms

• EXW: Ex

Company Organization Chart

The business organization chart is headed by the Board of Directors, led by the chairperson or president. Below, we find the director of the company who is responsible for five departments led by senior managers. The company is composed of five main departments.

• The production department is responsible for producing goods efficiently, on time, and in the agreed quantities.
• The marketing department is made up of three units: market research, sales, and advertising/promotions. They find out what customers require and then try to ensure that they can get these goods and services. The sales department is divided into two sections: domestic sales and exports.
• The financial department deals with the money that goes in and out

Comparing World War I and World War II

The World Wars were in some ways similar but also different. The World Wars had similarities in the way they were caused, how they ended in regards to who lost, and the use of propaganda. The casualties, the cost, and the military tactics, however, were some of their primary differences.

Causes of the Global Conflicts

World War I was caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914. However, World War II was caused by political and economic instability in Germany, along with the harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles. When the Treaty of Versailles was put into effect, Germany acknowledged responsibility for the war, which also meant agreeing to pay enormous amounts of... Continue reading "Comparing World War I and World War II: Key Differences" »

The Origins of the Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War is frequently recognized as a significant and pivotal crossroads throughout the history of the Spanish people. To understand how millions of people were killed during this war, it must be asked why the Spanish Civil War broke out in the first place. Actually, there are five fundamental reasons or causes which simultaneously led to the civil war in Spain in 1936.

Before the Spanish Civil War, Spain was governed by the King, but due to the Great Depression that drove the nation into a financial breakdown and massive unemployment, the King was forced to abdicate on April 14, 1931, and Spain became a republic.

The Rise of the Second Republic

The new republic emerged and quickly faced various... Continue reading "Root Causes of the Spanish Civil War" »

TERZA PARTE

1. Fed-batch biological reactor: material balances with Monod kinetics and operating methods:

• it maintains some operational characteristics of the batch, while ensuring constant biomass production such as a CSTR
• Therefore, there is an inlet supply with V˙e and [substrate] Cse and negligible Cxe
• since it is not a continuous reactor, it will never reach the steady state condition, there will always be an accumulation
• at zero time there will be: a certain initial V_R with an initial [substrate], initial [biomass] and subsequently the volume will increase over time.
• Total biomass balance:
• dmtot / dt = me, with me = ρe V ,e,
• from this relationship we obtain that
  1. dVr / dt = V˙e.
• At this point two feeding strategies can be considered,
  1. 1. one with

Southern Europe

Geographic Features

Mountains and Peninsulas

• Pyrenees Mountains: Form a natural border between Spain and France.
• Undersea Mountains: Contribute to the formation of many islands in Southern Europe.
• Alps: Europe's highest mountain range.
• Apennines: Run along the Italian Peninsula.
• Balkan Peninsula: Home to Greece.
• Iberian Peninsula: Location of Spain and Portugal.

Water Bodies and Climate

• Mediterranean Sea: Influences the climate and culture of Southern European countries.
• Mediterranean Climate: Characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters, ideal for growing crops.
• Tagus River: The longest river in Southern Europe.
• Po River: Flows through a fertile and densely populated area in Italy.

Culture and History

Ancient Greece

• Democracy:

What landforms stretches from the Atlantic coast and Eastern Europe?

Northern European plain

The leading agricultural producer in the European Union is

France

Germany's economy is based on

Industry

What landform covers much of Switzerland and Austria

Mountains

West Central Europe's Marine West Coast climate is a key natural resource for

Farming

During World War II France and the Benelux countries were invaded by

Germany

The Benelux countries are all

densely populated

The Dutch have used dikes and other technology to

Create polders

A highly urbanized and industrialized area of the Netherlands is called

Rotterdam

What industry employs more than half of Austria's workforce?

Service

Belgium has been troubled by regional conflicts over

Language and other cultural issues

Switzerland

Does... Continue reading "Key Features of European Geography and History" »