Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Other subjects for Baccalaureate

The Quality Management System and After-Sales Service

The QMS is a management system for a customer-focused organization that involves all employees in a continuous process of improvement. It integrates quality into all company activities. To achieve this, it is necessary to set up quality standards, procedures, and work practices. The goal is to maintain a competitive advantage, evaluate a company's performance, and achieve business excellence. The international standard that reflects a quality management system is the ISO 9000 Certification. Every company that has passed the quality audit and is registered for ISO 9000 gets a certificate. This certificate guarantees a quality standard and transmits confidence in the products and services offered...

Major Components of a Master Budget

A master budget can be divided into operating and financial budgets:

• Operating budgets describe the income-generating activities of a firm: sales, production, and finished goods inventories. The ultimate outcome of the operating budgets is a pro forma or budgeted income statement.
• Financial budgets detail the inflows and outflows of cash and the overall financial position. Planned cash inflows and outflows appear in the cash budget. The expected financial position at the end of the budget period is shown in a budgeted, or pro forma, balance sheet.

Behavioral Dimension of Budgeting

Using Budgets for Performance Evaluation

• Budgets are often used to judge the performance of managers.
• Bonuses, salary increases, and

Academic Vocabulary

• Course Request

  A form used to register for a class.

  Example: A student's academic advisor usually signs a course request form.

• Cram

  To study at the last minute.

  Example: Nancy always crams for the quizzes in her math class.

• Curve

  A grading system that relies on the normal curve of distribution.

  Example: Grading on the curve encourages competition.

• Dean's List

  The honor roll at a college or university.

  Example: You must maintain a 3.5 grade point average to be on the Dean's List.

• Declare

  To make an official decision about a major field of study.

  Example: Most students declare their major in the third year at the university.

• Degree

  An academic title awarded to a student who completes a course of study.

  Example: The three most common degrees

Organizational Structure: Foundations of Business

The formal organization of a company must be well-structured, clearly defining the division of labor. An effective structure assigns workers to roles where they are most capable, often leading to the formation of specialized departments.

Types of Organizational Division

• Division by Function: Workers are organized according to their specialization and capacity, depending on the specific tasks they perform.
• Division by Geographical Area: Employees are organized based on their knowledge of the area to which a product or service is intended.
• Division by Product: Used in companies that manufacture more than one product, this refers to grouping workers based on the final product obtained.
• Division by Departments

Relationships Vocabulary

Common Phrases and Terms

Item 4:

• Afraid of - afraid to
• Break up - split
• Common interests
• Common interests - couple - date - event
• Pair
• Fall in love with - love - to feel comfortable with
• Being comfortable
• Fond of - love
• To get on (your) nerves - make your hair stand on end
• Have a sense of humor - sense of humor
• Jealous of - envious
• Keep in touch - being in contact
• Lose friends - friends lose patience
• Lose patience
• Loyalty - loyalty
• Make friends - make friends
• Pleased for - happy - happy with
• Proud
• Proud of - relative - relative sense of humor
• Share common interests - share the same background - similar origin
• Interests like
• Sorry about - worth
• Treat - trust - trust
• Deal

Travel Vocabulary

Essential Words for Travelers

Item 5:

• Airfare - airfare
• Boring

The plan is to score goals, defining the strategy of the company to get policies and establish criteria for decision-making.

Classification of Plans by Their Nature

• Goals: Fundamental aims pursued by the company.
• Objectives: Involve the whole company in their attainment. We also consider the sub-objectives relating to the company, more specific, that affect specific areas.

When defining the objectivity of the company, the following should be taken into consideration:

• Objectives should be realistic.
• Priorities should be set among different sub-objectives and objectives.
• Accomplishment costs should be minimal.
• The number of unintended consequences should be minimal.

• Policies: Principles that serve as a guide in making decisions in the company and mark

Core Business Concepts and Economic Impact

Economic and financial issues: The company performs the function of creating wealth to reward the productive factors contributing to the economic development of society.

Legal and commercial aspect: The company is comprised of a heritage assigned to a commercial profit-seeking end and generates contractual relations with external and internal stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, customers, banks, and public administration.

Technology and production appearance: The company combines factors of production to obtain property or services demanded by society or the market.

The Functioning of a Modern Company

The company should be considered as a global system itself, made up of several subsystems...

Escape the Atmosphere

In some situations, it is necessary to evacuate air contaminants, either because their uptake is impractical or because the investment is not economically justified. To carry out an evacuation of the gaseous atmosphere, it is necessary to understand certain characteristics:

1. The emitter source.
2. The behavior of the surrounding atmosphere.

Factors Determining Pollutant Dispersion

The factors determining the dispersion of pollutants are:

A) Weather Factors: Temperature and Wind

1. Temperature

This is the most important effect. When an air mass has a higher temperature than the surrounding air mass, it ascends due to lower density. As it rises, this mass expands, reducing its temperature at a rate of approximately -10°C per kilometer....

Organizational System Structure and Purpose

The system's main role, in relation to other organizational systems, is setting direction and goals to pursue the fulfillment of the mission. To achieve this, we set specific goals that enable us to meet our objectives. In turn, meeting these goals requires a series of activities:

Core Components for Mission Fulfillment

The foundational elements guiding the organization include:

• Vision: The future expectations held by the leader regarding the company.
• Mission: It is the realization of what we do and who we are.
• Aims (or Objectives): These mark targets in a specific space and time and must be related to our mission and vision.
• Sub-goals: These are the set of actions we must complete to ensure compliance with