Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for University

Can Stress Be Helpful for Us?

We know what stress is and how it can affect people, but can stress be helpful for us? Can we make stress our friend? How?

(Video: How to make stress your friend)

Stress is a physical and mental condition that occurs when we adapt to the environment. There are some events that produce this internal state, such as work pressure, marital problems, financial problems, travel, dating, or getting a new job. Stress can be a major behavioral risk if it’s severe or prolonged, but it is not always bad. In this way, we know what stress is and how it can affect people, but can stress be helpful for us?

The Impact of Long-Term Stress

On the one hand, long-term stress produces maladaptive changes. Its impact can be understood...

Irregular Verbs

Rooms and Furniture

Clinical History

1. Interrogatorio (History Taking)

1. General information
2. Reason for consultation
3. Personal history (and physiological and pathological antecedents)
4. Family history (genetic diseases, transmissible diseases)
5. Current disease (symptoms, type, location, onset, when, evolution, semiology)

Physical Examination

Physical examination performed by the health professional on the patient.

General Inspection

1. General information (apparent age, sex, nutrition, constitution)
2. Anatomical and static findings (skeletal alterations, skin coloring)
3. Functional findings (respiratory movements, heartbeats, convulsions, tremors)

Elementary Skin Lesions

1. Primary lesions: macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, hives (wheals), nodules
2. Secondary lesions: scabs, scales, ulcers,

Helminths: Parasitic Worms

Helminths are group-living and parasitic species. They include flatworms (Platyhelminthes) and roundworms (Nematelminthes), collectively known as worms.

• Acanthocephala: thorny-headed worms
• Schistosomiasis: caused by Schistosoma mansoni

Morphology: male, female and egg.

Cycle:

Habitat:

Tapeworms and Cysticercosis

Cysticercosis is caused by T. solium and T. saginata.

• The presence of changes in the skin may be caused by the adult form of T. solium and T. saginata in the bowel.
• Cysticercosis more commonly affects any tissue, and can cause brain involvement, which is more common with T. solium.
• The oncosphere is the larva contained inside the egg.

Morphology: T. saginata and T. solium have a flattened, ribbon-shaped body divided into...

Cholinergic Drugs

Muscarinic agonists: Acetylcholine, Muscarine, Carbachol

Muscarinic antagonists: Atropine, Ipratropium, Tiotropium

Anti-AChE: Tacrine, Donepezil (noncovalent)

Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Rivastigmine (reversible)

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Neuromuscular blockers (nondepolarizing): Pancuronium, Atracurium, Mivacurium

Depolarizing: Decamethonium, Succinylcholine

Adrenergic and Serotonergic Drugs

Catecholamines: Adrenaline (AD), Noradrenaline (NA), Dopamine (DA)

Beta agonists: Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Albuterol

Sympathomimetics: Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Ephedrine

5-HT agonists: Rizatriptan, Sumatriptan, Naratriptan

5-HT antagonists: Ketanserin, Methysergide, Cyproheptadine

General Anesthetics

Inhalational: Isoflurane, Enflurane,...

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Scanning and Recording (Tests Diagnosed Tics)

Clinical History is the initial interview with the doctor, where a thorough and systematic interrogation is conducted about the patient's history, current state, and finally completed with a physical exam and follow-up on their evolution.

All information is documented to form the clinical history, including surgical operations and procedures performed.

The clinical history comprises the following parts:

1. Interrogation or Amnesis
2. Physical Examination
3. Tracking the Evolution of the Patient

1. Interrogation (Amnesis)

Personal History (of the patient): Name, age, marital status, address, etc.

Family History (Clinical): Information about relatives, including their health status, diseases,...

Amiodarona (Injetável)

Forma de Administração
Intravenosa

Indicações

A Amiodarona Injetável ATLANSIL é indicada para distúrbios graves do ritmo cardíaco, tais como:

• Taquicardias supraventriculares, com via de condução acessória atrioventricular suspeita;
• Taquicardias do tipo "Wolff-Parkinson-White";
• Taquicardias ventriculares sintomáticas e incapacitantes.

A forma injetável é indicada quando há necessidade de resposta rápida ou quando não pode ser usada a via oral.

Contraindicações

A Amiodarona Injetável ATLANSIL é contraindicada nos seguintes casos:

• Hipersensibilidade ao iodo, à amiodarona ou a qualquer um dos excipientes da fórmula;
• Bradicardia sinusal, bloqueio sinoatrial e doença do nó sinusal (sem que haja marcapasso artificial

Antisepsis, Asepsis and Disinfection: Key Concepts

Antisepsis: lowers organic surface microbial load; it is non-toxic to skin and mucosa and inhibits bacterial growth without preserving the sterility of the environment. Asepsis: the absence of pathogenic microorganisms in materials and environments.

Disinfection: destruction of pathogenic microorganisms on inorganic materials. Sterilization: destruction or elimination of all forms of microbial life, including their spores.

Methods of Sterilization

Physical methods: moist heat, dry heat, filtration and radiation.

Chemical methods: sterilization with gaseous agents (organic and inorganic).

• Protein coagulation: proteins precipitate and enzymatic activity stops, so cells die.
• Oxidation of free sulfhydryl

Hormones: Classification and Mechanism of Action

Lipid-soluble: steroids: modification of the cholesterol molecule.
Thyroid: iodination of two molecules linked to tyrosine (T3, T4).

Water-soluble: Amines: decarboxylation of amino acids.
Protein:

Action

Lipid-soluble: the hormone enters the cell, binds to receptors in the cytosol and nucleus, and modifies DNA, which is transcribed into mRNA and translated into active cell proteins.

Water-soluble: the hormone joins a membrane receptor (first messenger), which activates a G protein that in turn activates adenylate cyclase (ATP to cAMP; second messenger). cAMP activates protein kinases, which phosphorylate enzymes that carry out functions.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is an endocrine gland that also receives...

DRUG ADDICTION PREVENTION UNIT 2
GOALS OF PREVENTION Target end: late age of onset, reduction of this consumption and reducing the problems associated with them. Intermediate Objectives: Changes cause pursued in risk factors or protective, p . Ej.Aumento social skills, increased assertiveness ... Great variety of goals needed a consensus among experts. 1-Abolition of the patterns of drug abuse Elimination of 2-step from experimental to use repeated 3-4-Delay complete abstinence from drugs 5-delayed entry age for the 6-Control on consumption from early childhood 7 -Control of risk factors and social.8 staff. Taking the social role played by alcohol and snuff and regulate their use through learning programs coexistence with it. 9 - Amendment...