Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for University

Health and Quality of Life

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This concept also includes the idea of well-being or quality of life.

Factors Determining Health

Several factors influence our health:

• Lifestyle: This includes behaviors such as nutrition and physical activity levels.
• Environmental Factors: Social conditions, healthcare access, climate, and environmental pollution play a role.
• Genetics: Hereditary information contained in our genes influences our predisposition to certain conditions.

Healthy Eating Principles

A Balanced Diet

A balanced diet incorporates all the essential elements that constitute our daily nutritional needs.

Understanding Fats

The energy from...

Direct Speech (El Estilo Directo)

When we want to report exactly what another person has said, we use direct speech. With this style, what the person said is placed between quotation marks (“...”) and must be word for word.

Examples of Direct Speech

• “I am going to London next week,” she said. (“Voy a Londres la semana que viene,” ella dijo.)
• “Do you have a pen I could borrow?” he asked. (“¿Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme?” él preguntó.)
• Alice said, “I love to dance.” (Alice dijo, “Me encanta bailar.”)
• Chris asked, “Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?” (Chris preguntó, “¿Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?”)

Tense Changes: Direct to Reported Speech

When converting direct...

Global Waste Facts: True or False?

• There is not enough room for everyone’s rubbish anymore. (True)
• The smoke from burning rubbish is bad for people’s health. (True)
• In England, the government used to pay people to throw rubbish in the streets. (False)
• In the Philippines, many people died when a rubbish hill fell on a village. (True)
• It is easier to repair computers and phones than to buy new ones. (False)
• Packaging makes things look better. (True)
• China throws away more rubbish than any other country in the world. (False)
• Glass is one of the easiest things to recycle. (True)
• When you buy things made of paper, you should look for the recycled sign. (True)
• Plastic bags kill thousands of fish and other animals. (True)

What Can Be Made by Recycling?

• Fruits

Clinical History

Includes information on family history: certain hereditary diseases may affect the course and outcome of pregnancy. Personal history: the doctor provides health status information from earlier in the pregnancy. Obstetrical history: it is relevant if the mother is multiparous, including previous pregnancies, birth weights of children, duration of labor, and any complications during labor or postpartum. All this information must be recorded in the pregnant woman's health record.

Physical Examination

Investigates changes requiring attention, such as dental caries, dietary deficiencies, and weight fluctuations. Weight and blood pressure are measured and recorded in the history to monitor for any significant changes.

Gynecological and

Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytics

Antitussives

Opioid antitussives: with opioid activity: codeine (analgesic action, sedation). Without opioid activity: dextromethorphan, pholcodine (no analgesic effect).

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids: noscapine (used as antitussive only).

Others: cloperastine.

Expectorants

Tyloxapol (mechanism of elimination: stimulates bronchial secretions).

Mucolytics

N-acetylcysteine, S-carboxymethylcysteine, ambroxol, dornase alfa (decrease mucus viscosity, bronchial sputum secretion, and facilitate removal; dornase alfa is used in cystic fibrosis).

Cardiovascular Agents

With AP action: Glycosidic cardiotonics (inhibit Na+/K+ ATPase, so intracellular sodium rises, calcium entry increases and cardiac contractility is enhanced;...