Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for University

Breast Cancer Screening Programs

Screening typically involves mammography, often starting around age 50, with the goal of detecting emerging cancer (Ca).

• Sensitivity: > 85%
• Specificity: > 90%

Early Detection Recommendations

Monthly breast self-examination (BSE) is generally not recommended due to potential issues:

• Causes anxiety.
• High rate of false positives (FP+).
• May lead to unnecessary biopsies and expense.

Recommendations by Age Group

• Women 35–40 years: Annual clinical breast examination and bilateral mammography (only if clinically indicated).
• Women over 40 years: Annual clinical breast examination and mammography every 1–2 years.

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

Clinical diagnosis typically follows two pathways:

1. Asymptomatic Women: Suspicious

Snake Venom and Coagulation Inhibition

You are a general physiotherapist in the north of the country. A man arrives at your office after being bitten by a poisonous snake. The poison control center informs you that the animal's venom binds irreversibly to prothrombinase, inactivating it, and lowers plasma vitamin K levels. Based on this information, describe the clinical aspects expected in this patient.

Response: The venom blocks the coagulation cascade by inhibiting prothrombinase. Consequently, prothrombin is not activated into thrombin, preventing the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.

Starling Forces and Tissue Edema

a) Factors in Microcirculation

Mention the factors considered by Starling for fluid movement in the microcirculation.

b) Causes

Measles Protection: Vaccination and Natural Immunity

A concerned aunt has two children: one 8 years old and another 1 year and 8 months old. The younger child has contracted measles. The aunt is particularly worried about her 8-year-old, fearing that contracting measles at that age could lead to sterility. She asks why the doctor assured her that her 8-year-old son was already protected.

Explanation of Protection:

• Vaccine-Acquired Immunity: The 8-year-old child is likely protected because, at 12 months of age, children typically receive the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. This is a preventive vaccine that provides acquired immunity through the introduction of an external agent (the vaccine).
• Natural Immunity from Prior Illness: Another

Maintaining Professional Boundaries in Nursing

The line between not involving emotions, beyond what any person may have, is linked to the performance of the profession. If it were to involve emotions that impede effective professional work, this would be detrimental to both the nurse and the patient. The line between providing good care and being a good professional is very narrow. Some people tend to misinterpret certain situations during their care; that is the limit, and nursing professionals need to know and make clear what their role is.

The Role of Knowledge and Professionalism

Knowledge makes a difference for the professional staff of nurses, as a whole, in their job. Although the patient may not be aware that emotions must be separated...

The Professional Degree in Medical Technology plays an important role in society through comprehensive training that considers technological advances and serves as a pillar in the Task Force, with full concern for the patient.

Post-training and postgraduate development is dynamic, constantly adding to the technologist's task through training and specialization courses, attendance and presentations at conferences, and developing high-level research projects.

The Medical Technology specialist must always consider protection elements to ensure that the irradiation dose is the smallest possible for both the patient and for occupationally exposed personnel, as well as the public and population.

Radiology and Medical Physics Specializations

Within Radiology...

Introduction to Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, distribution, and determinants of health and disease within a population. It involves the application of this study to control health problems effectively.

Pioneers of Modern Epidemiology

• Edward Jenner: Known for his work on Smallpox (which was eradicated along with rinderpest). He prevented variolation by observing milkmaids and their immunity through cowpox.
• James Lind: Studied Scurvy by conducting trials with two groups, utilizing citrus fruits as a treatment.
• Sir Percival Pott: Identified cancer as an occupational carcinogen after observing skin sores on men working as chimney sweeps.
• John Snow: Famous for his work on the epidemiology of cholera. He debunked the Miasma theory

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby

Symbols

The Green Light

• Symbolizes Gatsby's hopes and dreams.
• Represents everything that haunts and beckons Gatsby: the physical and emotional distance between him and what he desires.

The Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg

• Symbolize the haunting waste of the past, which lingers though it is irretrievably vanished, much like Eckleburg's medical practice.
• Can also be linked to Gatsby, whose own eyes, once described as "vacant," often stare out blankly, keeping "vigil" over Long Island Sound and the green light.

The Valley of Ashes

• Depicts the stark contrast between the laborers (lower class) and the rich (upper class).
• Shows the consequences of being left behind.

East and West

• Both morally corrupt.
• East: Old money, rooted in tradition.
• West:

Common Medical Terms and Hospital Essentials

1. Low Oxygen Level: Hypoxemia

2. High Pulse: Tachycardia

3. High Temperature: Fever

4. Low Blood Pressure: Hypotension

Hospital Item Disposal

1. Razors: Sharps box

2. Towels: Linen bag

3. Plasters: Disposable bag

4. Hospital Gown: Linen bag

Describing Pain Levels

No Pain: Slight, painless

Mild Pain: Dull, throbbing, aching, painful

Severe Pain: Excruciating, acute, sharp

El ejercicio es de redondear y empieza con de dirty room… (Exercise is about rounding and starts with the dirty room...)

1d/2a/3b/4a/5c/6d

GIS: Gastrointestinal System

Vital Signs Example

BP 89/128 mmHg, P=92 bpm, R=18 breaths per minute, Oxygen Saturation= 96%

Patient Scenarios and Restrictions

He is watching TV and has the volume quite high.

You...

issues(problemes): performance(rendiment), assessment(avaluacio), rehydratation strategies, sex, sweating rate. -- increase risk: initiate dehyated, multiple training, diuretics

Emergency Plan 7.0

Objective: Implementation and maintenance of an emergency plan, which defines the sequence of actions to be developed for the initial control of emergencies.

Risk: Likely to suffer a certain damage. Emergency: Situation unforeseen by the possibility of damage and requires priority intervention. Ominous: Serious damage, accidental destruction, or significant loss suffered by people or property.

Emergencies: Natural hazards, chemical and biological, social, and technological.

Types of Emergencies: Depending on its severity can be: Conato, Partial Emergency, and General Emergency.

Alarm types:

• Restricted: It affects people who must act first in an emergency, to control a particular claim. It is for the chief of emergency and specialized