Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for University

Respiratory Viral Infections: An Overview

Respiratory viral infections are the most common site of infection. Generally, these are mild, yet they carry significant economic impact. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) can occur at any level of the respiratory tract. Pneumonia is the most severe form, as it is potentially lethal and responsible for a large number of deaths.

Why the Respiratory System is Frequently Infected

• It is in direct contact with the environment.
• The environment provides a warm, moist place ideal for microbial growth.

Clinical Respiratory Tract Infections

• Viruses: Major cause of upper respiratory infections and most cases of pharyngitis.
• Bacteria: Primary cause of otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, bronchitis, and

Pancreatitis: Inflammation, Causes, and Care

Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can range from mild to life-threatening, though it usually subsides. Gallstones and alcohol abuse are responsible for approximately 80% of cases. It is more frequently caused by gallstones or obstruction of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone lodged in the sphincter of Oddi, interrupting the flow of pancreatic juice. However, if the obstruction persists, activated enzymes accumulate in the pancreas and begin to digest its cells, causing severe inflammation.

Symptoms of Acute Pancreatitis

• A belt-like, intense abdominal pain in the upper abdomen, typically below the sternum. When pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, the

Renal Lithiasis: Definition and Causes

Renal lithiasis occurs as a process due to the substantial precipitation that contains urine. It can occur in the kidney and bladder.

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

If the stones do not block the excretory tract, symptoms do not appear. However, they can move and cause obstruction of the way, so they will produce hydronephrosis and corresponding renal fossa pain. The characteristic pain radiates to the genitals; this happens when making a radiograph of the abdomen, where one can see the route of the excretory tract. The diagnosis of kidney stones is done by clinical evaluation and a simple x-ray of the abdomen. Additionally, ultrasound is used to observe what degree of impact the calculus has on the...

Head: Coloration and Cyanosis

Coloration: Cyanosis

Is cyanosis present? Cyanosis is not always blue! There is one exception: Pink Cherry coloration taken for carbon monoxide poisoning (CO).

Cyanosis may be central (fingertips hot) or peripheral (distal extremities cold). The distinction between central and peripheral cyanosis sets the type of respiratory illness.

Central cyanosis is also indicated when pressing the earlobe does not restore color, remaining pale blue.

Eyes

Note coloring, especially in joggers. Look for bulging eyes.

Lips

Observe "pursed-lip breathing". This breathing pattern is often acquired in respiratory illness. The patient produces whistling sounds and it is designed to extend the expiration time, optimizing breathing.

Nose

Check...

Part 1: General Pharmacology

1. Pharmacology

Definition: Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their sources, properties, actions, uses, and effects on living organisms.

Main Branches

• Pharmacodynamics: What the drug does to the body.
• Pharmacokinetics: What the body does to the drug.
• Clinical Pharmacology: The study of drugs in humans.
• Pharmacotherapeutics: The use of drugs in treatment.
• Toxicology: The study of the harmful effects of drugs and poisons.

2. Pharmacokinetics ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Definition: Pharmacokinetics is the study of what the body does to a drug.

ADME

• A — Absorption: Movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood.
• D — Distribution: Movement of a drug from the blood to the tissues.
• M — Metabolism: Chemical alteration

-Techniques of putting very cold -water on your face

“Tek-niks of pu-ting veri kold wo-ter on yor feis”

-If these techniques do not work, -you may need:

“If diz tek-niks do not werk, yu may nid:”

-an injection of medicine into a vein -to reset your heart rhythm

“an in-yek-shon of med-i-sin in-to a vein to ri-set yor jart ri-zum”

-a procedure that uses electricity -to reset your heart rhythm 

-(electrical cardioversion)

“a pro-si-jer dat yu-zes e-lek-tri-si-ti to ri-set yor jart ri-zum (e-lek-tri-cal car-dio-ver-shon)”

⸻

-Treatment to prevent symptoms

“Trit-ment to pri-vent simp-toms”

-If you keep getting symptoms or if -you’re at risk of having a very fast -heartbeat that becomes life

-threatening, you may be offered -treatment...

I. Foundations

Epidemiology: The study of the distribution (who, where, when) and determinants (why, how) of health and disease in populations.

• Goal: Reduce morbidity and mortality through prevention.
• Scientific Method: Observation → Hypothesis → Test → Conclusion → Action.

Key Definitions:

• Distribution: Frequency and pattern of health events by person, place, and time.
• Determinants: Causes, risk factors, or exposures that affect health outcomes.
• Population: The group under study.
• Prevention: Primary (prevent onset), Secondary (early detection), Tertiary (reduce disability).

II. Measures of Disease Frequency

Unit 5: Lexical Aspect and Aktionsart

Aspectual Feature Matrix

• States: [+static, +durative, -telic]
• Activities: [-static, +durative, -telic]
• Accomplishments: [-static, +durative, +telic]
• Achievements: [-static, -durative, +telic]
• Semelfactives: [-static, -durative, -telic]

Diagnostic Tests for Aspectual Classes

Vocabulary and Phrasal Verbs

• Alias: A different name that somebody uses instead of their real name.
• Pick up: To notice something that is not very obvious or to lift something.
• Upset: Sad, worried, or angry about something.
• Turn off: Apagar.
• Turn on: Encender.
• Plug in: Enchufar.
• Shut down: Apagar.

Financial Terms

• A loan: Un préstamo.
• A savings account: Una cuenta de ahorros.
• Owe: Deber algo.
• Take out a loan: Pedir un préstamo.
• Debt: Deuda.
• Purse: Monedero.
• Branch: An office representing a large company.
• Charity: An organisation that gives money and help to people who need it.
• Founder: Someone who starts an organisation.
• Fake: Made to look like something else.
• Ethical: Considered to be right.

Usage Examples

• Do you think you can lend me money?
• I am thinking of borrowing

Prosthesis Try-In Appointment and First Assessment

During the first assessment of the prosthesis try-in, the primary objective is to check centric movements.

Clinical Evaluation Steps

• 1) Check casts in the articulator
• 2) Perform functional analysis
• 3) Evaluate aesthetics
• 4) Determine eccentric movements

Phonetic Assessment and Vertical Dimension

Phonetics are essential for determining the correct Vertical Dimension (VD):

• Labial (p, b, m): An increased VD makes it hard to close the mouth. A decreased VD leads to bad pronunciation and biting of the tongue (requires replacing or rearranging teeth).
• Labiodental (f, v): Pronunciation depends on the Incisal Edge (IE) of the Upper Central Incisors (UCI). An increased VD causes difficulty pronouncing, while