Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Secondary education

Digestive System Diseases

Oral Cavity

Tooth Decay

Tooth Decay: Destruction of tooth enamel caused by acids produced by oral bacteria as they break down food debris.

Gingivitis

Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums, often caused by poor dental hygiene or, less commonly, vitamin deficiency.

Stomach

Gastritis

Gastritis: Irritation of the stomach lining (mucosa) caused by factors such as alcohol, tobacco, certain medications, or hot spices.

Stomach Ulcer

Stomach Ulcer: An open sore or lesion on the stomach lining that can extend into deeper internal tissues.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis: An infection affecting the stomach and/or intestines, often caused by toxins from contaminated water or food, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal...

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Environmental Influence on Health

Health determinants are the conditions that influence health status. These are distinguished by physical, social, and political influences within a social organization.

Determinants of Health Factors

• Food: Linked to lifestyle.
• Pollution: Environmental factors.
• Obesity: Linked to biology and lifestyle.
• Alcohol: Linked to lifestyle.
• Hereditary Diseases: Linked to biology.

Health Determinants Changed by Human Activity

Environmental factors can change because we can alter the area where we live or move to another country. Factors linked to lifestyle and healthcare assistance change because we can choose our diet, decide whether to use drugs, and manage our medical care.

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

Key risk factors...

Bioeconomy Publications in Spain (2005–2019)

As we can see in this graph, from the years 2005 to 2008, we had a very stable number of bioeconomy texts published in Spain. However, in the year 2009, there was a sudden take-off from five texts published in the previous year to 20 in the following one, due to a research program incentive from the Spanish Government. Then, the number of published texts suddenly crashed to seven in the year 2010, probably because of the conclusion of this government program. Following this decrease, from 2010 through the next five years, we can see a gradual increase in publications until it reached a stable number of 20 for the following four years.

Key Terms in Agricultural Biotechnology

• Genes
• Modification
• Crops
• Nourish
• Seeds
• Mutations
• Rice
• Harvest
• Immunity
• Infection
• Fields
• Farmers
• Greenhouse
• Technique
• Grain
• Species
• Sustainable
• Virus
• Vaccination
• Disease

Fast

Blood Conditions

Anemia (Anaemia)

Description: Transport of oxygen to the cells is reduced.

Causes:

• Lack of red cells and haemoglobin (normally due to the lack of iron)

Symptoms:

• Fatigue

Leukaemia

Description: Overgrowth of the precursors of leukocytes.

Causes:

• DNA mutation which makes cells multiply without control (genetic and environmental causes)

Symptoms:

• Reduction of blood cells and platelets

Haemophilia

Description: Impaired blood clotting.

Causes:

• Hereditary illness: DNA mutation causing the absence of a clotting factor

Symptoms:

• Continuous haemorrhages

Heart Conditions

Arrhythmias

Description: Abnormal rhythm of the heart.

Types:

• Tachycardia (higher than normal)
• Bradycardia (lower than normal)

Causes:

• Different problems in the anatomy or myocardium of the heart

Symptoms:

We all know and have used social media filters, whether to have fun or to remove imperfections. However, the problem arises when you start obsessing over them. Cosmetic doctors are finding that more and more people are bringing filtered photos and unaltered photos to point out exactly what they want to correct.

Constant Contact with Our Self-Image

__ says the root of the problem is quite simple: it's not just you who sees your face every day. Social media platforms, online forums, and even dating apps mean that often the first—and sometimes only—version of ourselves that other people encounter is a digital image.

In a recent set of statistics from the __, 55% of facial plastic surgeons reported seeing patients who wanted to enhance their appearance...

Malnutrition

Malnutrition: results from a poor diet or a lack of food. It happens when the intake of nutrients or energy is too high, too low, or poorly balanced. Malnutrition involves a dietary deficiency. People may eat too much of the wrong type of food and have malnutrition. Undernutrition can lead to delayed growth or wasting, while a diet that provides too much food, but not necessarily balanced, leads to obesity. In many parts of the world, undernutrition results from a lack of food. In some cases, however, undernourishment may stem from a health condition, such as an eating disorder or a chronic illness that prevents the person from absorbing nutrients.

Symptoms

Hospital Departments & Nursing Insights

My mother always dreamed of working in a hospital, specifically in the *Accident and Emergency (A&E)* department. This is where patients arrive and are admitted for urgent care.

From my perspective, the ground floor is often where the most critical activities unfold, housing not only A&E but also the *operating theatres* and *delivery rooms*. Once, during her time as a nursing student, she had to attend to an elderly person who had suffered a *myocardial infarction* (heart attack). As it was her first experience, she didn't feel adequately prepared to perform tasks like checking blood pressure and administering injections. In that challenging moment, my mother primarily focused on preparing...

Vocabulario Inglés-Español por Temas

Teatro

• tune: sonido de música
• pleasant: placer
• singer: cantante
• sit down: sentarse
• performance: actuación
• costumes: disfraz
• light: luz
• screen: pantalla
• turn off: apagar
• look forward to: esperar con ansias
• audience: audiencia
• stage: escenario
• scene: escena
• camera: cámara
• dancer: bailarín
• boring: aburrido
• show: programa
• record: grabar
• play: obra de teatro

Cuerpo

• body: cuerpo
• disease: enfermedad
• prescription: receta médica
• bandage: venda
• blood: sangre
• heal: curarse
• injury: herida con sangre
• patient: paciente
• sore: adolorido
• strong: fuerte
• appointment: cita con el doctor
• surgery: operación
• nurse: enfermero
• treatment: tratamiento
• feel: sentir
• pill: pastilla
• prevent: prevenir
• afraid: asustado
• heart: corazón
• fever: fiebre

Informática

• look at:

1. Health and Illness

1. Health and illness

1.1 Health and Its Determinants

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Health depends on a number of factors known as determinants of health. Determinants include individual biological factors, environmental factors, and factors related to health measures, all of which affect our health.

Biological Determinants

Biological determinants are personal characteristics related to the physiological make-up of the human body. These include increasing age and certain characteristics an individual is born with, which may be inherited from their parents.

Environmental Determinants

Environmental determinants are features of our surroundings. Positive...