Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Secondary education

Main Types of Radioactivity

• Alpha (Αα): Particle, helium nucleus. Low penetrating power; causes some damage (can penetrate paper).
• Beta (Ββ): Particle, electrons. Medium penetrating power; causes great damage (can penetrate human tissue up to a few millimeters).
• Gamma (Γγ): High-energy light wave. High penetrating power; very dangerous, causes damage to cell nuclei.

Uses and Dangers of Radioactivity

Common Applications

• Smoke alarms: Americium-241
• Thickness control: Beta rays
• Sterilization: Gamma rays
• Radioactive dating: Carbon-14
• Radioactive tracers: Technetium-99
• Industrial testing: Checking welds with gamma sources
• Medical treatment: Radiotherapy for cancer

Health Hazards

The primary danger of radioactivity is cellular damage. Symptoms include:

• Hematopoietic:

Essential Tools and Hardware Vocabulary

• Screw (tornillo)
• Washer (arandela)
• Spring (muelle)
• Clip
• Hook (gancho)
• Belt (correa)
• Nut (tuerca)
• Bolt (tornillo de cabeza)
• Clamp (abrazadera)
• Cog (rueda dentada)
• Gauge (indicador)
• Fuse (fusible)
• Drill (taladradora)
• Hose (manguera)
• Plug (enchufe)
• Socket (toma de corriente)
• Tape measure (metro)
• Ruler (regla)
• Hard hat (casco)
• Glove (guante)
• Microphone (micrófono)
• Bulb (bombilla)
• Cart (carretilla)
• Lead (alargador)
• Pallet (paleta)
• Bottle (botella)
• Pipe (tubería)
• Wheel (rueda)

Days of the Week and Seasons

Days of the Week

• Monday (lunes)
• Tuesday (martes)
• Wednesday (miércoles)
• Thursday (jueves)
• Friday (viernes)
• Saturday (sábado)
• Sunday (domingo)

Seasons

• Autumn (otoño)
• Winter (invierno)
• Summer (verano)
• Spring (primavera)

Common Actions and Adjectives

• Open

Classification of Doping Substances

Doping substances are classified into several categories based on their physiological effects:

Stimulants

The use of these products in competition is supplementary and illegal. Common examples include amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, and ephedrine.

Benefits

• Mental: Improvement of selective attention, increased competitive spirit, and euphoric behavior.
• Physical: Decreased sense of fatigue, increased heart rate, and longer exercise duration at the same intensity. It facilitates glycolysis, promoting fat utilization as an energy source, which provides the athlete with more power and better breathing.

Negative Impacts

These include physical and mental dependence, thermoregulation changes leading to heat stroke, tachycardia,...

Key Concepts in Occupational Health and Safety

Health

The perfect balance of an individual's physical, psychological, and social well-being.

Security

The guarantee of freedom from risk, harm, and danger.

Occupational Risks

Work situations that can upset the physical, mental, and social balance of a worker.

Factors Contributing to Occupational Risks

• Mechanical Factors

  Risks caused by crashes, improper handling, or electrical contacts due to faulty installation.

• Physical Factors

  Risks from noise, vibration, heat stress, and ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

• Chemical Factors

  Risks from chemical substances.

• Biological Factors

  Risks from biological agents.

Routes of Pollutant Input

• Respiratory via
• Skin absorption
• Digestive mucosa absorption
• Parenteral (injection)

Wave Fundamentals

Wave Definition

A wave is the propagation of a disturbance from point to point, accompanied by the propagation of energy. Its origin is typically the shaking of a body.

Period and Frequency

• Period (T): The time taken for one complete wave cycle, measured in seconds (s).
• Frequency (f): The number of vibrations or cycles per second (f = 1/T), measured in Hertz (Hz).

Wavelength

Wavelength (λ): The distance a wave advances in one period. Different wavelengths correspond to different colors of light and pitches of sound.

Wave Phenomena

Absorption and Attenuation

• Absorption: The process where a medium absorbs wave energy, converting it into other forms of energy (e.g., heat).
• Attenuation: The gradual loss of intensity or amplitude of a wave

Temporary Disability Benefits and Regulations

Temporary Disability is the situation in which a worker, due to an illness or accident, is unable to perform their duties. They have the right to receive an economic subsidy designed to compensate for the loss of salary.

Causes and Observation Periods

The causes which may result in this status include common illness or accidents (whether work-related or not) and observation periods for occupational diseases.

Conditions for Eligibility

To qualify for this benefit, a worker must meet the following conditions:

• Be affiliated and registered with the Social Security (SS) system.
• Have covered the minimum contribution period: In the case of a common illness, 180 days within the 5 years immediately preceding the

Understanding Homeopathy

Homeopathy treats illness using mineral or vegetable preparations in infinitely small doses that produce symptoms similar to the disease. The goal is to restore the body's lost balance in a smooth and delicate manner.

Key Factors Influencing Health

• External factors: Relating to nutrition, inadequate intake, poor diet, or excess sugar consumption.
• Endogenous causes: Irregularities in the processes of digestion, absorption, transport, and disposal of nutrients, which prevent the body from maintaining healthy blood glucose levels.
• Vitaminosis: A lack of specific vitamins in the diet. The absence of essential nutrients causes imbalances, leading to conditions such as obesity and malnutrition.
• Vitamin D: Most requirements are

Defining Health and Well-being

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Factors Influencing Health

Health depends on several factors:

• Physical and psychological characteristics of a person
• Lifestyle choices
• The healthcare system
• The social environment

Understanding Diseases

A disease is a serious or minor alteration of the body's normal functioning.

Infectious Diseases

These are health changes caused by transmissible agents, such as viruses.

Key Concepts in Infectious Disease

• Virus: Biological structures that require a host (like humans) to replicate and often cause disease.
• Microorganisms: Microscopic creatures capable of causing disease. Classes include:
  • Bacteria: Examples

Medicines → Medicaments / First Aid Kit → Farmàcia de primers auxilis / Band Aid → Tirites  / Nasal spray → spray nasal / Eye drops → Gotes per als ulls / Tissues → Teixits / Lip balm / Chapstick → Bàlsam de llavis / Shampoo → xampú / Conditioner → Condicionador  / Dandruff → Caspa /  Body ache → dolor corporal / Cold / Flu → Refredat / grip  / Sublingually →  Sublingualment / Tablets / Pills → Pastilles / píndoles / Syrup → xarop / Cough / drops → gotes per a la tos / Asthma pump → Bomba d’asma  / Weighing scale → Bàscula de pes / Sanitary pads → Coixinets sanitaris / Diapers → Bolquers / Baby wipes → Tovalloletes per a nadons  / Baby milk powder → llet infantil en pols / Lens solution...

Health and Body Vocabulary

Ankle (tobillo), back, bandage, be sick (estar enfermo), bite (picadura), brain (cerebro), chest (pecho), cold (resfriado), cough (toser), device (dispositivo), dizzy (mareado), elbow (codo), fear (miedo), flu (gripe), food poisoning, headache, heart, itchy (produce picor), knee (rodilla), laugh (reírse), look for (buscar), lung (pulmón), neck (cuello), nerve cell (neurona), ointment (pomada), pill (pastilla), rash (sarpullido), rib (costilla), shoulder, skin (piel), sneeze (estornudar), sore (dolorido), spine (columna vertebral), sprained (tobillo torcido), sting (picadura), stomach, swollen (inflamado), temperature, throat (garganta), upset stomach, wheelchair, wrist (muñeca), X-ray.

Senses and Descriptive Adjectives

Accountant...