Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

A

• Aloa: A poem, shortly.
• Altruistic: Trying the good of others without expecting profit.
• Allude: Mention.
• Arancel: Official rate.
• Argue: To dispute, to debate.
• Aria: Musical composition.
• Arrogant: Proud, graceful, brave.
• Augustus: Having respect for something majestic.
• Augur: Prophet of negative events.

B

• Banal: Trivial, vulgar.
• Buero: Pointless.

C

• Callow: Immature.
• Caustic: Aggressive, trenchant.
• Celibate: Unmarried.
• Choleric: Easily carried away by anger.
• Customary: The usual.

D

• Diaphanous: Transparent.
• Diatribe: Speech against someone.
• Dim: Resign.
• Discourteous: Disagreeable.
• Discolo: Conflictive.

E

• Egis: Protection.
• Emplaster: Place a layer of plaster on the wall.
• Epitome: Summary, outline.
• Equity: Equality.
• Eremite: Hermit.
• Execrate: To damn.

F

• Famished: Hungry.
• Feeble:

Unit 3: Level 1

Vocabulary and Grammar Exercises

• 1: 1e, 2a, 3c, 4b, 5d
• 2: 1. enthusiastic, 2. yelled, 3. command, 4. prosper
• 3: 1f, 2d, 3a, 4b, 5e, 6c
• 4: 1. misbehave, 2. independent, 3. non-member, 4. bi-annual, 5. preview, 6. unimportant
• 5: 1. shouldn't have, 2. must have left, 3. should have, 4. had better not, 5. can't have
• 6: 1. John must have already left, 2. You had better leave now, 3. She might have forgotten about our meeting, 4. It can't be true, 5. You should have called me
• 7: 1. due to, 2. since, 3. it's clear that, 4. consequently

Unit 3: Level 2

Advanced Vocabulary and Modal Verbs

• 1: 1. throughout, 2. deserves, 3. enthusiastic, 4. enables, 5. proficiency, 6. command, 7. starts out, 8. charm
• 2: 1. bi-annual, 2. mispronounce, 3. unimportant,

Bet: aposta

Anaesthetic: a drug that stops you from feeling pain. Anestèsia

Anxiety: the feeling of being very worried about something. Ansietat:

Approval: the belief that someone or something is acceptable. Aprovació

Auction: a sale at which things are sold to the people who offer the most money for them; the person in charge of an auction is the auctioneer. Subhasta:

Axe: a tool with a wooden handle and a metal blade, used for cutting wood. Destral:

Butler: the most important male servant in a big house. Majordom:

Chloroform: a liquid that makes you unconscious if you breathe it. Cloroform:

Claret: red wine from the Bordeaux area of France. Claret: vinegre

Colonel: someone with a high position in the army. Coronel

Deck: the flat top part of a ship...

Adjectives and Prepositions

At: good, annoyed, bad
With: happy, fed up, pleased, bored, satisfied, angry
In: interested
About: nervous, worried, upset, concerned, angry
On: keen
By: surprised, embarrassed
Of: scared, frightened

Travel and Movement Verbs

• Travel: on your own, independently, first/economy class, separately/together, light
• Get: into/out of a car, back from somewhere, here/there by 10:30, on/off a bus/plane, a taxi home/to work
• Go on: a trip, a guided tour, a journey, a cruise, a package holiday

English Synonyms

choose/pick, satisfied/content, lucky/fortunate, behave/act, notice/spot, by chance/accidentally, attitude/approach, sure/certain, deal with/cope with, show/reveal, concerned/worried, frightened/scared, make a decision/make up your mind,...

Common Medical Abbreviations

• RSI: Repetitive Stress Injury
• SAD: Seasonal Affective Disorder
• SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• GP: General Practitioner
• HAV: Hepatitis A Virus
• MD: Medical Doctor

Medications and Treatments

• Decongestant: Decreases nasal stuffiness and relieves a runny nose.
• Anticoagulant: Prevents or delays blood clotting.
• Sedative: Relieves symptoms of stress, irritability, or excitement.
• Laxative: Relieves constipation.
• Digitalis: Strengthens the failing heart.
• Diuretic: Removes excess fluid from the body.
• Antibiotic: Treats infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.
• Insulin: Regulates the level of sugar in the blood, used to treat diabetes.

Common Symptoms and Their Causes

• Fainting, dizziness: Anemia
• Headache: Sinus infection
• Fever:

Module I: Foundational Frameworks & Surveillance Systems

1. Fundamental Principles & Triads

• Epidemiology Definition: The systematic study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.

• Descriptive Epidemiology Triad (The 3 Ws):

  • Person: Who is getting sick? (Age, biological sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, vaccination status).

  • Place: Where is the disease occurring? (Geographic coordinates, urban vs. rural, hospital wings, school rooms).

  • Time: When are cases spiking? (Seasonal variation, daily clusters, hourly onset timeline).

• Analytic Epidemiology Triad (The Infectious Disease Triangle):

  • Agent: The pathogen or mechanism causing

Use of English

1. Choose the correct word to form a phrase

• a) on
• b) saving up
• c) in control
• d) turned down
• e) keep
• f) back

2. Complete the text with the words below

• 1. Take pride in
• 2. Setbacks
• 3. Overcome
• 4. In the long run
• 5. Predictions
• 6. Keeping an eye on
• 7. Profit
• 8. Invest

Written Comprehension

4.A. Read and answer the questions

• 1. It inspired the creation of the "Ambulance Wish Foundation" (Stichting Ambulance Wens), which has expanded internationally and fulfilled thousands of final wishes for terminally ill patients.
• 2. The first trip to Rotterdam harbour was spontaneous, done in an ambulance stretcher, and only involved Kees and his partner, while the harbour cruise was an organized trip on a ferry on Kees's day off.
• 3. It is necessary because the patients

Introduction to the Respiratory System

The cells of the human body require oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells while removing carbon dioxide, a waste product that can be lethal if allowed to accumulate.

3 Major Parts of the Respiratory System

• Airway: Nose (nasal cavity), mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
• Lungs: The functional unit of the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of O2 and CO2 via the alveoli.
• Diaphragm Muscles: Muscles of respiration (including intercostal muscles) that separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Mechanism of Respiration

Respiration involves two main mechanisms:

• Inhalation (Inspiration): Intake of O2.
• Expiration (Exhalation): Exhale

Analgesic Comparisons and Potency

1. Fentanyl is more powerful than morphine.
2. Aspirin is less effective than ibuprofen.
3. Morphine works faster than ibuprofen.
4. Fentanyl is the fastest analgesic in the table.
5. Ibuprofen lasts longer than morphine.
6. Aspirin is as slow as ibuprofen to start working.
7. Morphine is not as long-lasting as ibuprofen.
8. Fentanyl has the shortest duration of all the drugs.
9. Aspirin is the least potent medication in the chart.
10. Ibuprofen is as effective as some moderate painkillers.

Emergency Accident Response

In this kind of accident, acting quickly and safely is essential to protect people’s lives. Staying calm, assessing the situation, and applying basic first aid can prevent complications and reduce the risk of serious injuries until emergency...

Why Walking Might Be the Perfect Exercise

You want to be healthy. You know you need to exercise more. But if you are not ready to grunt through an hour of kickboxing, don't despair. There is a growing agreement among exercise researchers that the intense physical activities offered by most health clubs are not the only—or even the preferable—path to better health. Indeed, the best thing for most of us may be to just walk.

Yes, walk. At a reasonably vigorous clip (five to six km/h) for half an hour or so, maybe five or six times a week. You may not feel the benefits all at once, but the evidence suggests that over the long term, a regular walking routine can do a world of preventive good.

The Health Benefits of Daily Walking

Walking, in fact,...