Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Dust Bowl, 1929 Crash and the Joads' Journey

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EHEC: Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) interacts with intestinal colon cells by establishing a close bond, causing the dissolution of cell membranes and glandular epithelium, alongside extensive destruction of microvilli.

Transmission and Symptoms

EHEC is associated with the consumption of undercooked ground beef, milk, and unpasteurized fruit juices. Located in the intestine, it causes hemorrhagic colitis, abdominal cramps, and bloody, watery diarrhea, typically without fever.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

HUS, associated with serogroup O157:H7, is non-invasive; blood in the stool is caused by the action of the verotoxin.

ECEA Characteristics

Enteroaggregative E. coli (ECEA) is located in the small...

Galician Dialectal Blocks and Linguistic Features

Western Block (Bloque Occidental)

• 1. Gheada Rule: The use of an aspirated /h/, similar to the English word house. This is known as Gheada, which is represented in writing by a specific digraph.
• 2. Presence of Seseo: Found at the end of syllables (implosive Seseo: lus). It is also found in smaller areas in the initial syllable position (prenuclear or explosive Seseo: vesina).
• 3. Feminine Endings: Use of undifferentiated feminine endings.
• 4. Masculine Plurals: For masculine words ending in -n, the plural takes the form -ns.
• 5. Personal Pronouns: The subject pronoun used is vós instead of tu.
• 6. Verb Variations: Use of cantino instead of sangue, or cantein/cantén elsewhere.
• 7. Verb Suffixes: Alongside

Antihistamine Side Effects and Pharmacokinetics

Adverse Effects

• Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, epigastric pain (in some cases), increased appetite. Examples: Astemizole and Azelastine.
• Central Nervous System (CNS): Sedation. Examples: Azelastine, Cetirizine, and...
• Cardiovascular: QT prolongation by blocking K+ channels. (Observed with) Terfenadine and Astemizole.
• Other Reactions: Headache, rash, hypersensitivity, and anaphylaxis.

Pharmacokinetics (Half-Lives - VM)

Astemizole

VM: 20–24 hours

Cetirizine

VM: 7–10 hours

Elastin

VM: 10–16 hours

Loratadine

VM: 12–15 hours

Mizolastine

VM: 8–13 hours

Etc.

Other antihistamines vary.

Muscle Relaxants (Miorelajantes)

Long-Term Benzodiazepines (Half-Lives)

Diazepam

VM: 20–80 hours

Clonazepam

VM:

What is Pulicosis?

Definition: Pulicosis refers to injuries caused by the bite of fleas. They are characterized by erythematous papules with a central petechial point.

Morphology and Characteristics of Fleas

• Fleas measure about 0.5 to 4 mm long.
• Their body, heavily sclerotized with chitin, is found in various shades of brown.
• They are narrow and flattened transversely.
• They lack wings.
• The third pair of legs is very developed and adapted for jumping.

Fleas do not have a marked specificity for their hosts, although they have very marked preferences for some. This is why their common names (rat flea, human flea, etc.) relate only to the preferred host but are not exclusive.

Diseases Transmitted by Fleas

Bubonic Plague

The Bubonic plague is a disease of...

Reasons for Therapeutic Plan Failure

There are three primary reasons why a therapeutic plan may not achieve the expected results:

• 1. Inadequate Drug Selection: When the selected drugs are not appropriate for the condition.
• 2. Adverse Effects: The appearance of adverse effects that hinder treatment.
• 3. Patient Non-compliance: When the patient does not meet the requirements of their therapy.

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution Volume

The following factors contribute to the reduction of the volume of distribution of drugs in the body:

• Age
• Sex
• Nutritional status
• Weight

Key Pharmacokinetic Parameters

• Minimum Toxic Concentration (CMT): The concentration level from which toxic effects begin to appear.
• Minimum Effective Concentration (CME): The level at which the

Ionizing Radiation Fundamentals

Radiation is defined as a form of energy transmission through space.

Ionizing Radiation Characteristics

Ionizing radiation is capable of producing ions in the atoms of matter with which it comes into contact. Its primary characteristics include:

• Energy: Greater than 1.23 MeV.
• Cumulative Power: It collects dose effects over time.
• Detection: It is not detectable by human senses.
• Nature: It can be corpuscular or consist of electromagnetic (EM) waves.

Types of Ionizing Radiation

• Alpha (α): Stopped by a sheet of paper and travels only a few inches.
• Beta (β): Stopped by aluminum or several meters of air.
• Gamma (γ) and X-rays: Stopped by lead or concrete shielding.
• Neutron: Stopped by hydrogen-rich materials.

Non-Ionizing Radiation

These...

Employer Responsibilities

Duties of the Employer

• Protect workers from harm.
• Inform, consult, and involve workers in preventive measures.
• Provide theoretical and practical safety training to all workers.
• Establish emergency measures and manage serious risks.
• Periodically monitor the health of workers.
• Develop and maintain documentation, such as risk assessments and monitoring results.
• Coordinate with other companies when multiple employers share a worksite.
• Provide special protection for vulnerable workers, such as minors and pregnant women.

Employee Responsibilities and Rights

Employee Obligations

• Use safety devices and equipment correctly.
• Immediately report any safety concerns to a supervisor or designated prevention staff.
• Contribute to the fulfillment

Jaundice: Bilirubin Pigment in the Bloodstream

Jaundice is the yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (sclera) caused by abnormally high levels of bilirubin pigment in the bloodstream.

Jaundice Symptoms (Clinical Manifestations)

• Yellowish skin and eyes.
• Dark urine (due to excess bilirubin excreted by the kidneys).
• Acholia (pale or white stools).
• Itching (pruritus).

If jaundice is caused by acute inflammation of the liver (acute hepatitis), it may also cause loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Obstruction of bile flow may produce symptoms similar to those of cholestasis.

Diagnosis and Management of Jaundice

Diagnosis is based on the analysis of laboratory and imaging tests to determine the underlying cause of jaundice.

Treatment Approach

• If