Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

À la: In the style of, for example: à l’Anglaise (English style); à la Française (French style); à la Maison (style of the house).

Apèritif: Drink served prior to a meal in order to stimulate the appetite

Back of house : work areas not seen or used by customers, e.g. stillroom, linen room, floor pantry

Bistro: small informal restaurant, bar or nightclub.

Brasserie: small restaurant and bar where food and drinks are served. French in origin

Brunch:late morning meal that often replaces both breakfast and lunch

Canteen:style of restaurant found in a school, hospital or industrial catering where the style of service is usually self-service. This term may also indicate a temporary or mobile eating place set up in an emergency.

Couvert: a cover;

Proper Hand-Washing

1. Remove all jewelry, makeup, nail polish, and false nails.
2. Prior to opening a scrub/brush pocket, squeeze it several times to activate soap. Remove scrub, sponge brush, nail pick, and throw them away.
3. Press the foot pedals to begin the flow of water. Wet your hands and forearms when the water is warm.
4. Don't set down the sponge. Use nail picks to clean under nails and throw them away when finished.
5. Scrub under nails of each finger and thumbnail on the opposite hand until clean. Clean each of the four surfaces of the thumb with a sponge.
6. In circular motion, wash the palms and back of hands, fingers and between fingers, wrists and lower arms. Rinse well from arms to hands with a clean dry paper towel or towels. Pat dry starting at

Endocrine System Overview

Key glands involved in the endocrine system include:

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Testes (in males)
• Ovaries (in females)

Hormone Types and Examples

Steroid Hormones

Produced by:

• Testes and Ovaries (e.g., testosterone, estrogen)
• Adrenal Cortex (e.g., cortisol)

Polypeptide Hormones

Produced by:

• Pituitary Gland (e.g., Human Growth Hormone - HGH, Luteinizing Hormone - LH)
• Pancreas (e.g., insulin)
• Hypothalamus (e.g., Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone - GHRH)

Amino Acid-Derived Hormones

Produced by:

• Adrenal Medulla (e.g., epinephrine)
• Thyroid Gland (e.g., thyroxine)

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes

Cause: The pancreas fails to produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Signs &

1. True or False Statements

Copy the evidence from the text. No marks are given for only TRUE or FALSE. (Maximum Score: 2 points)

1. While testing the Google car, humans never had to take control and drive it.

   FALSE: With someone behind the wheel to take control if something goes wrong, seven test cars have driven 225,000 kilometres with only two human interventions.

   [Incorrect Proposal Feedback: TRUE: ...seven test cars have driven 225,000 kilometres with only two human interventions.]

2. Since robot cars can be made to weigh less, they will use less petrol.

   TRUE: Because the robot cars would eventually be less likely to crash, they could be built lighter, reducing fuel consumption.

2. Comprehension Questions (In Your Own Words)

Based on the ideas in the...

In-Adverbials with Simple Past Tense

In-adverbials combined with the simple past tense typically express the 'size' or duration of a [+durative] [+telic] eventuality. As a result:

• With states, they are usually anomalous because states are [–telic].
• With activities, they are usually anomalous because activities are [–telic].
• With accomplishments, which are [+durative] [+telic], they are perfectly natural and express the duration of the event.
• With achievements, which are [–durative], they typically express the time elapsed before the event (onset reading). However, this reading is often more natural with the preposition within.
• With semelfactives, they are usually anomalous because semelfactives are [–durative] [–telic].

In-Adverbials with

Syphilis

Caused by: The spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum.

Signs and Symptoms

• Primary Stage

  Classically presents with a single chancre (firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration) that forms approximately 21 days after exposure. These ulcers are usually on the penis, in the vagina, around the anus, and in the mouth. The chancre disappears within 4 to 8 weeks without medication.

• Secondary Stage

  Diffuse rash which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. May include latent syphilis with few to no symptoms.

• Tertiary Stage

  Begins after primary and secondary symptoms resolve. Involves neurological or cardiac symptoms. Can lead to difficulties coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, gradual blindness, and death.

Congenital

Initial Encounter

The Caterpillar and Alice looked at each other for some time in silence. At last the Caterpillar took the hookah out of its mouth, and addressed her in a languid, sleepy voice.

Question of Identity

“Who are YOU?” said the Caterpillar.

This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. Alice replied, rather shyly, “I—I hardly know, sir, just at present—at least I know who I WAS when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then.”

“What do you mean by that?” said the Caterpillar sternly. “Explain yourself!”

“I can't explain myself, I'm afraid, sir,” said Alice, “because I'm not myself, you see.”

“I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly,” Alice replied very politely,...

ULTRA HD Makeup: Invisible Perfection for 4K Technology

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ULTRA HD Stick Foundation

The ULTRA HD Stick Foundation feels like a second skin, yet still provides medium to full coverage while looking flawless and natural. The exclusive 4K Complex guarantees invisible, natural, and comfortable makeup.

• Texture: Creamy texture that blends in seamlessly to conceal imperfections.
• Finish: Soft satin finish.
• Benefits: Perfect for touch-ups, the formula glides on and makes skin look even-toned and moisturized.
• Skin Type: Great

Future Forms and Arrangements

Present Continuous for Future

Use the present continuous for actions already decided and arranged. Do not use it for actions that are not arranged. It is also used for actions happening just before they begin, especially with verbs of movement.

Present Simple for Schedules

Use the present simple for timetables and fixed programs.

Going To vs. Present Continuous

• I am going to do something: You have decided to do it, but it is not necessarily arranged.
• I am doing something: You have decided and arranged it.
• Predictions: Use going to when something is about to happen (e.g., "It is going to rain").
• Past Intentions: Use was going to for things you intended to do but did not, or for events that were expected but did not happen.

Porcelain Laminate Veneers: Indications and Contraindications

Indications:

1. Used on slightly/mildly enlarged teeth
2. Traditionally indicated in aesthetic areas where a single crown composite resin veneer would be used
3. To correct diastemas
4. Masking of discolored/stained teeth
5. Repairing enamel defects

Contraindications:

1. Cannot be waxed on short clinical crowns
2. Not suitable for patients with parafunctional habits (e.g., bruxism)
3. Teeth with insufficient enamel for adequate retention
4. Teeth with large restorations or endodontically treated teeth with little remaining structure
5. Patients with tooth wear due to bruxism

Tooth Remineralization: Techniques, Materials, and Concepts

Techniques:

Hand excavation is preferred to preserve as much tissue as possible for remineralization....