Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine and health sciences

Syllabic Consonants

A syllabic consonant occurs when a consonant, typically l, r, or a nasal, functions as the nucleus of a syllable instead of a vowel. This is often indicated with a small vertical mark (ˌ) beneath the consonant. For example, the word 'cattle' can be transcribed as /kaetlˌ/.

Strong and Weak Syllables

Weak syllables differ from strong syllables in vowel characteristics. Vowels in weak syllables tend to be shorter, of lower intensity, and qualitatively different. For example, in the word 'father,' the second syllable is weaker than the first; it is shorter, less loud, and contains a vowel that typically does not occur in strong syllables. Weak syllables can also occur in word-final position with a coda, such as in the word 'open'...

Coetzee Wins Nobel Prize

Coetzee wins Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize has often been misapplied. It evaded Tolstoy, Chekhov, Joyce, Kafka, and Nabokov. Coetzee was born in Cape Town in 1940 and trained as a computer scientist, coming to London in the Sixties to work for IBM, a period recollected in a superb autobiographical novel. According to the text, literary qualities have not always been the main reason for authors to be awarded a Nobel Prize for Literature. Sometimes, the judges have been influenced by political factors. Before writing his first novel, Coetzee was very busy professionally. In the Sixties, he worked for IBM in London and later became a professor of Literature in the United States and finally in Cape Town.

a) unquestionably c)

English Conditionals: Zero to Third

Zero conditional: If / when / unless + Present Simple → Present Simple or a modal verb. Expresses situations that are always true (situations that are always/generally true).

First conditional: If / unless + Present Simple → Future simple (will), imperative, or modal verb. Expresses what will happen if the condition is met.

Second conditional: If / unless + Past Simple → would / could / might + base form. Expresses hypothetical conditions referring to the present or the future (unlikely to happen).

Third conditional: If + Past Perfect Simple → would have / could have / might have + past participle. Expresses a condition that is impossible because it refers to the past.

Wish Clauses

• wish / if only + Past

Facebook Activity and Friends: A Statistical Analysis

Independent-Samples T-Test for Gender Differences in Facebook Activity

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to determine if activity on Facebook differed by gender. Overall, the activity on Facebook for females (M = 6.41, SD = 0.955) is significantly higher than the activity on Facebook for males (M = 3.42, SD = 1.802), t(120.568) = 12.93, p < .001 (< .05).

One-Way ANOVA for Generational Differences in Number of Facebook Friends

A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the difference in the number of Facebook friends among three generations (Generation X, Y, and Z). The F-test is statistically significant, F(2, 149) = 34.406, p < .001. The dependent variable...

Useful English Vocabulary List

• To Take After: To resemble a parent or relative in appearance or character. Example: She takes after her mother in her love of music.
• To See Eye to Eye: To agree fully with someone. Example: We see eye to eye on most important issues.
• To Scold: To rebuke or reprimand someone angrily. Example: She scolded John because of his bad behavior.
• To Speak Your Mind: To say exactly what you think, even if it is not polite or popular. Example: She is not afraid to speak her mind, even if it upsets people.
• To Kill Time: To do something to make time pass while waiting for something else. Example: I'm going to kill time doing some math exercises.
• To Give Someone a Hard Time: To criticize or trouble someone. Example: Josh's pals were

Nice (Bonic)

Opposites

Sympathetic (Comprensiu), Cruel, Kind (Amable), Ruthless (Despietat), Selfish (Egoista), Mean (Garrepa), Honest, Generous, Vain (Vanidoso), Helpful (Servicial), Sincere.

Verbs

To Share (Compartir), To Lie (Mentir), To Cheat (Enganyar), To Care About (Preocupar-se), To Grab (Agarrar), To Admire (Admirar), To Hurt (Fer mal).

Adjectives

Early-Late, Hard-Soft, Alive-Dead, Slow-Fast, Near-Far, Thick-Thin, Narrow-Wide, Weak-Strong.

People

A Lame (Un Coix), A Deaf (Sord), A Dumb (Mut), Scarface (Cicatriz Cara), Rode (Muntar), Greedy (Golut), Proud (Orgullós).

Nouns

Pride (Orgull), Customers (Clients), Fool (Estúpid), Sunrise (Amanecer), Sunset (Ponerse el sol), Ski Lift (Telefèric), Waste Material (Sobras), Rubbish/Refuse/Trash (Basura)...

Hygiene: Cleaning and Care of Body, Homes, and Cities

Hygiene refers to the practices involved in cleaning and caring for the body, homes, cities, and towns.

Personal Hygiene

Personal hygiene involves the cleaning and care of the body through the use of:

• Soaps
• Colognes
• Deodorants
• Creams
• Haircuts and washes
• Washing clothes
• Consuming clean food
• Fresh air intake

Home Hygiene

Home hygiene includes:

• Sweeping and dusting
• Washing and disinfecting bathrooms and kitchens
• Painting walls
• Replacing flooring, materials, and furniture

Public Health

Public health involves:

• Cleaning and maintaining streets
• Picking up garbage
• Managing sewage systems to remove waste from cities and purify it

Medicine: Study and Treatment of Human Diseases

Medicine is the science responsible for studying...

Management of the Prevention of Risks in the Enterprise

Management has changed throughout history with the changes in the ways of understanding work and has influenced such important factors as:

• The economic cost of damage and injury accidents.
• The industrial action of the union movement.

Remember that the management of risk prevention should be characterized as scientific, interdisciplinary, comprehensive, integrated, and participatory. The obligation of any manager is to manage resources, both material and human, for economic and social benefits, so they generate satisfactory working conditions.

Methods to Assess Occupational Risks

These methods allow to assess and rank their degree of danger, to facilitate its correction. Some methods, such as...

Abrasives: Reduce to Ashes

INS: Burn, burn up, roast, char.

ANT: Cool, freeze, turn off.

Embrace: Surrounding with Arms

INS: Gird, wrap, shake, host.

ANT: Loose, disengage, release.

Stalk: Watching, Waiting with Caution

INS: Monitor, spy, sight, look.

ANT: Disregard, neglect, forget, ignore.

Creep: Placing Snares, Traps

INS: Ambush, conspiracy, betrayal.

ANT: Reality, existence, authenticity, certitude.

Asar: Cook by Fire or Heat

INS: Scorch, sear, roast, steak.

ANT: Freeze, cool, refrigerate.

Azar: Unforeseen Events

INS: Luck, contingency, serendipity, accident.

ANT: Evidence, certainty, event, fact.

Kill: Deliberately Take Someone's Life

INS: Liquidate, remove, clear, stone.

ANT: Rebirth, cure, revive, relieve.

Acecinos: Salted and Smoked Meats

INS: Seasoning,...

Oral Drug Bioavailability: Unpredictable Factors

The bioavailability of oral drugs can be unpredictable because drug absorption depends on many factors, including:

• Gastrointestinal functional status: How well the digestive system is working.
• Food intake: Presence or absence of food can affect absorption rates.
• pH level: The acidity or alkalinity within the gastrointestinal tract.

Sublingual Drug Administration: Key Benefits

The sublingual route is particularly useful for certain drugs, such as nitroglycerin, for two main reasons:

• It allows for rapid administration in emergency situations.
• It bypasses first-pass metabolism in the liver. Drugs that are extensively metabolized in the liver may not reach therapeutic plasma levels if administered orally.