Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Medicine and health sciences for Baccalaureate

Health Challenges and Factors

Challenges:

• Increase spending on health for the whole population.
• Allocate resources efficiently.

"I'll get the health coverage for as many people as possible.

Factors:

• Immovable
• Modifiable

Environment:

• Physical contaminants
• Chemical pollutants
• Biological contaminants
• Social and labor-related pollution

Lifestyle:

• Do regular exercise
• No smoking
• Reduce or eliminate alcohol
• Not using drugs
• Have a healthy diet
• Sexual health

Biological Factors:

• Aging and genetic operators

Health Systems

A health system is the form by which a country organizes and funds health protection and the provision of medical services to its citizens. It is characterized by:

• Universal coverage
• Financing through taxes
• Guaranteeing equal access to resources and services

Pathology

CMC T.5: Health and Illness

Core Definitions

• Health: According to the WHO, it is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
• Disease: A change in health status resulting in a temporary or permanent loss of physical, mental, or social function.
• Quality of Life: The level of comfort, happiness, and satisfaction that allows an individual to experience life positively.
• Life Expectancy: A key indicator used to measure the quality of life.
• Genetic Disorders: Alterations in the genome where a genetic defect is the direct cause of the disease (e.g., Hemophilia, Down syndrome, or certain types of diabetes).
• Predisposition to Disease: Conditions where the environment influences health outcomes.
• Congenital:

1. Basic Emotions

• Joy
• Interest
• Excitement
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Anger
• Disgust
• Contempt
• Fear
• Shame
• Guilt

2. Physiological Responses to Emotions

Emotions trigger physical changes such as an accelerated heart rate, muscle tension, stomach tingling, and dry mouth. These responses provide energy by sending more blood sugar to the liver. Increased oxygen demand leads to a higher heart rate. Digestion slows down as blood is redirected to muscles. Pupils dilate to allow more light, and perspiration increases to cool the body.

3. Detecting Emotions and Lies

While it's difficult to detect lies definitively, physiological responses can indicate emotions. Changes in breathing, pulse pressure, blood flow, and perspiration accompany emotional states.

4. Verbal and Non-Verbal

Non-Infectious Diseases

Non-infectious diseases are conditions that are not caused by infectious agents. They are often chronic and require long-term care.

Cancer

Cancer is a disease that occurs when cells in a body tissue undergo transformation, reproducing abnormally and uncontrollably. It is the second leading cause of unnatural death after cardiovascular diseases.

Major cancers include lung, colon, skin (epithelial), and pancreatic cancer.

Cancer Causes

• Genetic factors
• Chemical exposure
• Physical factors (e.g., ionizing radiation)
• Viruses
• Environmental factors
• Diet

Cancer Prevention

• Maintain a healthy diet
• Avoid tobacco use
• Engage in regular physical exercise
• Avoid excessive exposure to the sun
• Comply with legislation on carcinogens in the workplace

Cardiovascular

Part 1: Multiple Choice Exercises

• I was working when you called me last night.
• She called the client yesterday morning.
• I am looking for the documents right now.
• He was turning the TV on when the power went out.
• We were dealing with the issue when the system suddenly crashed.

Part 2: Progressive and Simple Tenses

• I was picking up a vehicle when you texted me.
• She did not follow up with the client yesterday.
• We are looking after the baby right now.
• They woke up late this morning.
• I was looking for my keys when I found my phone.

Part 3: Phrasal Verbs

• I ran into my teacher.
• She is looking for the information.
• You waited for me yesterday.
• We talked about work.

Part 4: Translation Practice

• We called off the meeting yesterday.
• She is looking for the exams right now.

1. Create the Members Table

CREATE TABLE Members (member_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT NOT NULL, joined INTEGER, membership_type TEXT, monthly_fee REAL);

2. List Members Who Joined in 2022

Retrieve member names joined in 2022, ordered alphabetically:

SELECT name FROM Members WHERE joined = 2022 ORDER BY name;

3. Basic Members Joined in 2023

SELECT name FROM Members WHERE membership_type = 'Basic' AND joined = 2023;

4. Total Monthly Gym Revenue

SELECT SUM(monthly_fee) AS total_monthly_income FROM Members;

5. Monthly Revenue by Membership Type

SELECT membership_type, SUM(monthly_fee) AS total_monthly_income_per_type FROM Members GROUP BY membership_type;

6. Long Workouts (Over 60 Minutes)

SELECT activity_type FROM Workouts WHERE duration_minutes >

Diapo 1:

Hello my name is Alex and today I'm going to explain my ranking of nightclubs.

Diapo 2

Don't trust someone who tells you that they don't like the party; There's no discussion

Diapo 3: 

Now i want to ask you two things: First; who has tried alcohol? And what's your favourite drink?

Diapo 4:

Okay, we're going to start with the worst nightclub… The top 6 is fooooor:

Diapo 5

La cage SALOU, I went in August of the last year and I didn't like it because there were many foreigners, the music was a shit and all the things were very expensive, (The ticket on a Tuesday cost 20 euros).

Diapo 6: 

Okay, the top 5 is for...

Diapo 7: 

Tropic Lloret!!! I went the last Friday and there were A LOT OF foreigners, the music was well, but sometimes the DJ played...

English Grammar & Sentence Structure

Word Substitution Examples

• It was a rough track, a path made of uneven stones.

Nouns in Context

• It was a brave action but not a smart one. Tea and coffee both contain caffeine, the former even more than the latter.

Verbs and Phrases in Action

• I love traveling in dangerous places, but Sophie doesn’t. I want to take a vacation, but to do so means taking time off.

Understanding Clauses

• Not many people know this region. Yes, I’m aware of that. The road was blocked.

Ellipsis Usage

• She wasn’t the first person to write about this region.

Vocabulary & Word Transformations

Word Pairs: Verb-Noun & Related Forms

• Set - setting
• Describe - description
• Appealed - appeal
• Is commenting - comment
• About - story
• Deals with

The Importance of Breast Milk for Babies

Mother’s milk is highly digestible, free of bacteria, and possesses an ideal composition tailored specifically to a baby's needs.

Health Advantages of Breastfeeding for Mothers

• Oxytocin Release: Promotes uterine contraction and decreases the risk of postpartum bleeding.
• Hormonal Balance: Increased oxytocin leads to a decrease in estrogen, which reduces the risk of breast (mamma) and ovarian cancer (CA).
• Bone Health: Increases bone mineralization, decreasing the risk of osteoporosis.
• Emotional Well-being: Stimulates the mother-infant bond and triggers the release of endorphins, promoting happiness.
• Physical Recovery: Aids in natural contraception and supports post-labor weight reduction.

Introducing Complementary