Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for University

Ovid's Poetic Evolution and Context

Ovid was a generation after Virgil, meaning the social situation was significantly different; the Augustan Pax (or Pax Romana) was a reality. Ovid's career demonstrates a clear poetic evolution, typically divided into three major blocks:

1. Block 1: Love Elegy and Didactic Poetry

   This block focuses on love elegy, retrieving the language, situations, and history of Latin elegy and playing with them creatively. Ovid often plays with conventions, forcing changes and new approaches, making the work less naturalistic than earlier elegists.

   • Amores: Love elegy, focusing on the ode to love.
   • Heroides: Letters from heroines to their lovers, combining epistolography with the theme of love, thereby creating a new genre.
   • Ars Amatoria:

Sebastian F. Ramallo Asensio (Universidad de Murcia)

"Militum deinde quod eos non conlaudavit virtutem eruptio hostium, non altitudo moenium, Stagni inexplorata non vada, non castellum in high Tumulo situm, non munitissima arx deterruisset quo minus transcenderent omnia perrumperentque."

(T. Livy, XXVI, 48, 4)

This text from Livy's History of Rome clearly expresses components of the defensive apparatus of the city founded by Hasdrubal: the height of its walls, the unexplored shallow lagoon, the fortress located on a high hill, and the well-defended citadel. These components, coupled with the excellent conditions of its harbor and its strategic position on communication routes to Africa and Italy through the Balearic Islands (Appian, 19), made...

This document outlines various offenses against public administration and financial integrity, detailing their associated prison terms and fines.

Financial Crimes & Misappropriation

• Embezzlement (Proper & Improper)

  • Prison Term: 3 to 10 years
  • Fine: 20% to 60% of crime value

• Culpable Peculation

  • Prison Term: 6 months to 1 year

• Embezzlement of Use

  • Prison Term: 6 months to 4 years

• Generic Misappropriation

  • Prison Term: 6 months to 4 years

• Non-Specific Misappropriation

  • Prison Term: 1 to 3 years

Corruption Offenses

• Extortion by Public Official (Concussion)

  • Prison Term: 2 to 6 years
  • Fine: Up to 50% of crime value

• Non-Passive Improper Corruption

  • Prison Term: 1 to 4 years
  • Fine: Up to 50% of crime value

• Non-Passive Corruption for Own Benefit

  • Prison Term: 3 to 7 years
  • Fine:

What is an Editorial?

An editorial is an argumentative text that explains and assesses a significant journalistic event.

Characteristics of an Editorial

• Authorship: The editorial is an unsigned text that aims to show a collective opinion.
• Theme: Must be current and relevant, often linked to politics, economics, etc.
• Function: To explain the fundamentals of its subject matter.
• Status: Appears in a prominent place in the opinion section of a medium.
• Adequacy: Must be suitable for the speaker's communicative intentions, the situation in which it develops, and the relationship between all parties involved.
• Coherence: Must be organized and arranged according to a major theme from which secondary ideas arise.
• Cohesion: Its components must be connected by

The Inter-War Period and the Evolution of Literature

Literature in the 1920s was still dominated by Modernism, exemplified by James Joyce’s Ulysses and T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land. This era was characterized by creative difficulty and controversy. However, fiction in the 1930s and 1940s saw a movement away from aesthetic emotions and personal relations, shifting toward a direct reflection of the political events and public causes of the period.

Factors Influencing the Literary Change

• The economic situation, including the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Economic Depression.
• The devaluation of the pound and the formation of the Coalition government.
• Widespread unemployment and the rise of hunger marches.
• A pervasive sense of being

The Punic Wars and Roman Expansion

After the Gauls sacked Rome in 387 B.C.E., Romans saw Carthage in North Africa as a threat. This prompted three Punic Wars, all won by Rome. The First Punic War, in which Rome learned naval warfare, made Sicily Rome’s first province. Rome issued an ultimatum to Carthage that prompted the great Hannibal to invade Italy, causing the Second Punic War that Rome also won. The Third Punic War was caused when Carthaginians retaliated against the Numidian king Masinissa, who was a Roman ally. After those victories, Roman territory now included Spain, North Africa, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor.

The Rise of Gnaeus Pompey

The young Gnaeus Pompey (106–48 B.C.E.) gathered a private army to fight for Sulla...

Location Expressions

• Behind = Detrás de
• In front of = Al frente de
• Next to = Al lado de
• Between = Entre
• Inside = Dentro de
• Outside = Afuera de
• On the corner of = En la esquina de
• Across from / Opposite = Cruzando, lado de la calle del frente

Using "There is" and "There are"

Affirmative

• There is = "Hay" (Singular)
• There are = "Hay" (Plural)

Question

• Is there...? (Singular)
• Are there...? (Plural)

Examples:

Is there a supermarket near Inacap?

Yes, there are some in Zona Franca.

Are there any drugstores near here?

No, there aren't any, but there are some on España Ave.

There is one next to Unimarc supermarket, and there is one across from the supermarket.

Ordinal Numbers

1st first    3rd third      5th fifth    7th seventh    9th ninth

2nd second   ...

Accounting Concepts and Calculations

1. Income Statement

• Gross Sales: Total sales before any deductions.
• Returns: Deducted from gross sales to calculate net sales.
• Cash Discounts: Deducted from gross sales to calculate net sales.
• Net Sales: Gross sales minus returns and cash discounts.
• Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): The cost of the goods sold during the period.
• Other Expenses: Expenses not related to COGS.
• Profit Before Tax: Net sales minus COGS and other expenses.
• Tax Expense: Taxes owed on profit before tax.
• Net Income: Profit before tax minus tax expense.

2. Balance Sheet

• Accounts Receivable: Money owed to the company by customers for goods or services sold on credit.
• Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (ADA): An estimate of the amount of accounts receivable

Walt Whitman: The Poet of America

He was known as the city’s poet. Whitman moved to Washington D.C. to be closer to the conflict of the Civil War, where he notably helped in the hospitals.

Leaves of Grass (1855)

• Published in 1855, this work went through 9 editions during his lifetime.
• Whitman continuously added and changed poems, dying without finishing the collection.

Symbolism in the Title

The title itself holds significant meaning:

• Grass: Represents the micro-level (journalist jargon for small, discarded writings) and the little things that were not considered news. Whitman rescues these ideas.
• Leaves: Represents the macro-level.
• The title signifies the unity of multitude, relating nature and literature.

Poetic Innovation: Free Verse

Whitman is credited...

The Dragon Awakens

When the dragon awoke, new woe was kindled. O’er the stone he snuffed. The stark heart found the footprint of a foe who so far had gone in his hidden craft by the creature’s head.

Divine Protection

So may the undoomed easily flee evils and exile, if only he gain the grace of The Wielder!

The Guardian's Search

That warden of gold o’er the ground went seeking, greedy to find the man who wrought him such wrong in sleep. Savage and burning, the barrow he circled all without; nor was any there, none in the waste.

The Discovery of Theft

Yet war he desired, was eager for battle. The barrow he entered, sought the cup, and discovered soon that some one of mortals had searched his treasure, his lordly gold. The guardian waited, ill-...