Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for University

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was fought among several European powers, principally the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and the Duchy of Savoy, against the Kingdoms of France and Spain and the Electorate of Bavaria, over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch. Such an unification would have drastically changed the European balance of power.

Recognition of Bourbon Philip V as King of Spain

It resulted in the recognition of the Bourbon Philip V as King of Spain while requiring him both to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede much of the European Spanish Crown's possessions.

Background

In 1700,...

How Civil War Nationalism Affected Diverse Groups

The Civil War spurred a significant impulse of nationalism in the United States, which affected various groups differently. Although the war's purpose shifted substantially from its beginning to its end, evidence shows that different populations experienced varied outcomes. The unique context of the Civil War aligned African Americans with the preservation and expansion of the United States, while Native Americans and Chinese Immigrants were largely defined as outsiders.

African Americans and Union Victory

Initially, the Union's primary motivation for fighting was to preserve the nation. When this motivation evolved to include ending slavery, it carried profound implications for African Americans....

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)

6. Know what AFDC is and how it applies to people. Aid to Families with Dependent Children

Key Political Concepts

• Neo-institutional: The way they interact and how they affect society.
• Interest Group: Organization of people who work together to protect and promote the government. Two categories: economic and noneconomic.
• Entrepreneurial: A person who organizes and operates a business/es, takes risk.
• Client: Government Owned Enterprise (GOE), prior to marketing or sales activities.
• Majoritarian: Democracy rule of society’s citizens.

Introducing a Bill in Congress

8. How can a bill be introduced in Congress? Members of Congress are the only ones who can introduce the bill at any time the House of Senate

Economic Vision of World War I

Item 5: Economy between the two World Wars (1914-1945)

During this period, several powers sought to overtake Britain both economically and politically, including Germany and France. In the First World War, the opposing sides were the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and other minor powers) and the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and other minor powers). Britain could no longer remain neutral and eventually joined the Entente. Initially, the U.S. did not interfere, making the conflict primarily a European war.

The Outbreak and Industrial Nature of War

The alliances supported their members, and the war began in June 1914 when the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated in Serbia. While war had...

Roots of Colonial America: Pilgrims, Puritans, and Settlers

The first Europeans to establish settlements were the Spaniards: there was a failed attempt in Carolina in 1526, and in 1565, they established a settlement in Florida, which became the first permanent European settlement. In 1578, Queen Elizabeth granted permission to British sailors to establish a colony. In 1584, Walter Raleigh sent two ships to explore, and they settled in Virginia. In May 1607, Jamestown was founded. Despite many deaths, the colony began to export tobacco. By 1710, the population reached 78,000.

Colonization was motivated by several factors:

• During the 16th century, England was a tumultuous place with food shortages and a lack of jobs in agriculture.
• The need to reduce

ORIGINS, HISTORY & IDEOLOGY OF REPUBLICAN AND DEMOCRATIC PARTIES

COMMON GROUND: REPUBLICANISM

A form of government where leaders are elected for a specific period by citizens. Key concepts include the importance of civic virtue, universal political participation, separation of powers (to avoid corruption), and political liberty.

First Political Division: The Constitution

The first political division centered around the Constitution, highlighting the differences between Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

JEFFERSON OR HAMILTON?

At the root of two different visions regarding government and politics are two founding fathers and their views:

1. Jeffersonian View (3rd US President): Rejected the European path, favoring an agrarian democracy of small proprietors

1. Absolutism and Mercantilism

Absolutism was based on mercantilism, the economic system driven primarily by Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. He advocated for three major ideas:

• Accumulate precious metals
• Develop foreign trade
• Encourage the role of the state

2. The American Revolution: Foreign Aid

The American army, led by George Washington, was aided by foreign powers, most notably:

• France
• Spain

3. Thomas Hobbes and the Leviathan

The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) argued in his work *Leviathan* for:

Unlimited absolute sovereign power to ensure peace and coexistence within the state.

4. Powers of the Absolute Monarch

The monarch held absolute power over several aspects, including:

• Control over entities external to the Crown:

National Symbols

The Flag

The symbol most revered by its citizens is the flag. The red and white stripes and white stars on a blue background tell the story of the country, its indomitable spirit, and its love of freedom.

The U.S. flag consists of thirteen horizontal stripes, alternating red and white, with red always being the first and last of the bands. At the top, attached to the mast, is a blue rectangle with 50 white stars arranged in horizontal rows of 6 alternating with 5 rows. The 50 stars represent the 50 U.S. states, and the 13 bands represent the 13 original colonies.

National Anthem

"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the U.S. national anthem. It was born during the early hours of September 14, 1814. It is often performed at the start of...

Three Roads to Modernity

1. Capitalist Democratic Road

• Identified in the UK, France, and the USA.
• The peasant question is solved as the peasantry is quickly and efficiently absorbed by the new economic system.
• Steps: enclosure, new technology, industry (normally starting with mining and textiles).
• In these three countries, there is a bourgeoisie that controls the industrialization process.
• This way, they become firstly economically wealthy and then politically powerful (need of political power to consolidate economic power).
• Finally, the landed aristocracy branched out to the bourgeoisie.

This is clearly reflected in the voting power. Initially, only the aristocracy could vote, but gradually the right to vote began involving those who were gaining...

MAKING OF EUROPE

1. Why Unite Europe?

• Post-War Devastation: World War II left Europe in ruins, with Germany divided, France in its Fourth Republic, and the Italian monarchy overthrown. Unification offered a path to recovery and stability.
• Economic Reconstruction: The creation of a common market aimed to boost trade and economic growth for war-torn nations.
• Preventing Future Conflicts: The trauma of war fostered a desire for lasting peace. Negotiation and cooperation became paramount, particularly between France and Germany.
• Franco-German Cooperation: The post-war period witnessed unprecedented cooperation between France and Germany, laying the foundation for European integration.
• Challenges of Integration: Integrating West Germany posed economic