Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for University

Collaborators

Collaborators: Policy of support for Nazi Germany during World War II. It was followed by various governments and political movements in the territories of Europe occupied by the German armies.

Dictatorship

Dictatorship: A political regime installed and maintained by force. It is characterized by the disappearance of individual liberties, the use of violence to intimidate or eliminate the opposition, and the suppression of unions and political parties. Power is concentrated in one person, group, or institution, and is typically supported by a single party, propaganda, and the police.

Axis

Axis: A name given to the collaboration between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy between 1936 and 1945.

Gestapo

Gestapo: Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret...

Given the dearth in Europe and the financial impossibility of buying American products, supporting this plan demanded prior coordination of European countries for implementation. This was held in June–July 1947 as a conference in Paris which, after much hesitation, the USSR did not attend. Despite the campaign of the communist parties, sixteen countries agreed to participate and met at a conference in September 1947.

Conference Objectives

• Prevent European insolvency, which would have had dire consequences for the U.S. economy.
• Prevent the spread of communism in Europe.
• Create a structure that favored the establishment and maintenance of democratic regimes.

In July of that year the Committee of European Economic Cooperation was created to coordinate...

Classical Greek Architecture

The Temple, characterized by its predominantly straight lines and the support column structure (including the capital and entablature located at the top), is the most important element of Greek architecture.

Architectural Styles

• Doric
• Ionic
• Corinthian

Non-Religious Architecture

• Theater: Epidaurus
• Stadiums: Delphi and the Odeon

Ancient Greek Art

Sculpture

Notable works include:

• The Laocoön and His Sons
• The Kouros figures
• The Discobolus (attributed to Myron)

Painting and Ceramics

Works include the Mosaic of the Battle of Issus and painting on ceramics. Athenian ceramics highlight the red-figure style. Mural painting was also practiced.

The Region of Hellas (Ancient Greece)

The territory occupied by the Greeks, known as Hellas, encompassed...

February Revolution

As the war dragged on, unrest spread among the population, and the prestige of the Tsar and his regime collapsed. Because of failures in transport and production, ammunition and food did not reach the front; factories stopped because they had no raw materials or fuel, and the inhabitants suffered hunger and cold. The defeats and the enemy's advance caused disillusionment. Increasingly, Tsarism accused Nicholas II of being responsible for the disasters. Opposition to remaining in the war grew. Since 1915 the liberal and socialist opposition resurfaced with force; discontent in the army multiplied and protests increased in cities because of shortages.

In February 1917 there were spontaneous demonstrations in Petrograd, especially...

Religious Architecture in 16th Century New Spain

The Atrium and Open Chapels

The atrium, or cemetery, is formed by a plain bounded by crenelated walls and usually features three doors. At the intersection of the axes stands a stone cross dating from 1539. In the four corners of the atrium, posa chapels are located to facilitate processions.

These processions, which stopped at various altars to offer incense and prayers, required specialized chapels. The best examples, noted for their relief work and treble spire ceilings, are found in Calpan and Huejotzingo, Puebla.

Temple Structure and Design

The temple typically consists of a large nave, initially covered with wood and later with barrel vaults. Subsequently, Gothic vaults were introduced, evolving...

The Management of a Bipolar World

Conferences of Tehran, Moscow, Yalta, and Potsdam

At the conferences attended by Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill, it was decided to fix a day for the landing and that partisans in Yugoslavia should receive full support and be helped in commando operations. It was also agreed that the Russian army would launch an offensive into Eastern Europe.

In October 1944, a meeting took place in Moscow which Roosevelt was unable to attend and in which the division of Europe was decided. In February 1945, the Yalta Conference occurred; it was an experiment in world government that showed a disregard for small powers regarding their participation in the direction of world affairs. This marked the end of the dominance of the...

The End of World War II

Allied Victory

1. In 1943, British forces gained control of North Africa and Italy, forcing Mussolini to surrender.
2. In June 1944, Allied forces landed on Normandy, France, in the event known as D-Day.
3. In May 1945, Germany surrendered. In August 1945, the United States used the atomic bomb on Japan. World War II was over.

Results of the War

1. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as the most powerful countries in the world.
2. In 1945, some 50 nations formed the United Nations, an international peacekeeping organization.

The Cold War Era

Defining the Cold War

The Cold War was a period of tense rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Causes and Effects

• Cause: Rivalry developed between the United States and the Soviet

European Reconstruction and the Marshall Plan

5B - European Reconstruction and the Marshall Plan:

U.S. aid had reached Europe since 1941. The Marshall Plan was a longer-range, multilateral project. In the words of its proponents, it was a breadwinner—financial assistance essential for economic stability and a coherent political life. Its goal was not only to rebuild productive sectors but also to restructure traditional European capitalism following the U.S. economic model. The Soviet Union, through its foreign minister Molotov, rejected Marshall Plan aid and pressured its satellite countries to reject it as well. The first step in securing acceptance by a total of 16 countries was the creation in 1948 of the Organization for European Economic...