Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Revolt of the Aristocracy

Dates: 1789

Key Groups: King + Aristocracy

Events:

• King Louis XVI wants privileged classes to pay taxes, and the States General is convened.
• Privileged classes oppose this in the States General.

National or Constituent Assembly

Dates: 1789 / 1791

Key Groups: King + Bourgeoisie

Events:

• National sovereignty is declared.
• The people assault the Bastille on July 14, 1789. It's a symbol of the Ancien Régime.
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is produced, which means the abolition of all feudal rights.
• The National Assembly prepares a Constitution.

Legislative Assembly

Dates: 1791 / 1792

Key Groups: King + Bourgeoisie

Events:

• On September 3, 1791, a Constitution that establishes a parliamentary monarchy is produced.
• Laws

Historical Vocabulary

Boston Tea Party

On Tuesday, December 16, 1773, the event known as the Boston Tea Party took place in Boston, during which a cargo of tea was thrown into the sea. It was an act of protest by the American colonists against Great Britain and is considered a precursor to the American War of Independence.

The revolt of the settlers at the port of Boston, Massachusetts, was born as a result of Britain's adoption in 1773 of the Tea Act. This act imposed duties on the import of various products, including tea, aiming to benefit the British East India Company, as Americans had been boycotting their tea by buying from Holland.

Girondists

Girondists was the name given to a political group and moderate federalist faction within the National...

The Third Joint of the New Monarchy

Consolidation of Royal Power

The reign of the Catholic Monarchs meant the imposition of an authoritarian model of monarchy, especially in Castile. Isabel and Fernando proposed to impose the authority of the king above any other power. In the Crown of Aragon, medieval institutions remained in force, but the figure of the Viceroy was introduced, and the insaculación (selection by lot) was established for selecting local executives. This aimed to prevent the urban oligarchy from monopolizing the government of the cities. In Castile, the monarchy succeeded in imposing its power and achieving a comprehensive reform of institutions.

An Authoritarian Monarchy in Castile

When Isabella ascended the throne of Castile,...

The Bourbon Restoration in France

After Napoleon Bonaparte was expelled by the allies in 1814, the Bourbon monarchy was restored in France. This period, when the Bourbons returned to the throne, was characterized by a strong conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Catholic Church as a significant political power in France.

The Congress of Vienna (1815)

The Congress of Vienna (1815) was an international meeting held in the Austrian capital. It was convened with the objective of restoring Europe's borders after Napoleon's defeat and reorganizing the political landscape and ideology of the continent. The agreements reached remained in force until World War I, establishing a period of absolutism and relative peace.

Understanding Liberalism

Liberalism...

World War II: Key Facts and Factions

This conflict began in 1939 and ended in 1945. This was the deadliest armed conflict known, costing the lives of some 2% of the world population (55 million people).

Mankind was subjected to deportation to concentration camps, and forced labor in Germany against Jews, homosexuals, Gypsies, the disabled, communists, and others.

In the United States, there were internment camps for citizens of Japanese ancestry, massacres of the population, and horrific scientific experiments conducted on human beings by Nazi and Japanese doctors. Most importantly, for the first time in history, the world witnessed the use of the atom bomb, launched by the United States over Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The conflict primarily pitted...

Battle of Cepeda: Causes and Implications

Causes

The conflict arose from tensions between Unitarians and Federalists. The province of Buenos Aires refused to support the policies of the other provinces. During Urquiza's presidency, the country was divided into a confederation, which faced significant economic problems, the government of Alsina, and the San Juan matter.

Implications

Porteño forces commanded by Mitre were defeated. Consequently, the Pact of Union was signed on November 11, 1859, establishing the incorporation of Buenos Aires into the Confederation. Buenos Aires was granted the right to revise the 1853 Constitution, leading to reforms such as:

• Nationalization of customs revenues.
• Repeal of differential duties.
• Financial compensation

World War II: Origins and Key Events

A primary cause involved Germany's desire to regain its economic and military status, seeking to overturn the Treaty of Versailles. Italy wished to obtain territories, and Japan aimed to create a vast Asian empire. The global economic crisis exacerbated the problems of the future Axis powers, promoting their expansionist policies.

Hitler rearmed Germany, Italy pursued expansionist policies, and Japan declared war on China. Hitler became a dominant figure in Western Europe, annexing Austria and making demands on other nations. The alliance between Hitler and Mussolini solidified as the Rome-Berlin Axis. Germany also signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin, which secretly included plans for the partition of...

Spain's Political Turmoil: 1933-1936

The Conservative Biennium (1933-1935)

The center-right secured victory in the 1933 elections. Alejandro Lerroux's Radical Republican Party formed the government, supported by José María Gil-Robles' CEDA (Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights). This new administration promptly halted the reforms initiated by the previous government and granted amnesty to those involved in the 1932 coup attempt. These actions fueled deep mistrust among leftist groups, pushing them towards more radical stances.

In 1934, the inclusion of CEDA ministers in the government was met with strong opposition from left-wing parties, leading to attempts to seize power through undemocratic means, culminating in the October Revolution....

Key Reforms of the Spanish Second Republic (1931-1933)

Between 1931 and 1933, Manuel Azaña served as prime minister, continuing the work of reform. During these two years, major issues pending from the previous century were addressed.

• Agrarian Reform

  Land reform aimed to transform the Spanish agricultural structure, improving agricultural production and the livelihoods of farmers. It provided for the expropriation of large estates and the distribution of uncultivated land among rural laborers. The Agrarian Reform Institute (ARI), the agency responsible for its implementation, lacked sufficient funds to achieve its goals. This led to disappointment among farmers and reignited conflict in rural areas.

• Catalan Autonomy

  Autonomy was granted to Catalonia