Battle of Cepeda and Pavón: Impact on Argentine Unity
Battle of Cepeda: Causes and Implications
Causes
The conflict arose from tensions between Unitarians and Federalists. The province of Buenos Aires refused to support the policies of the other provinces. During Urquiza's presidency, the country was divided into a confederation, which faced significant economic problems, the government of Alsina, and the San Juan matter.
Implications
Porteño forces commanded by Mitre were defeated. Consequently, the Pact of Union was signed on November 11, 1859, establishing the incorporation of Buenos Aires into the Confederation. Buenos Aires was granted the right to revise the 1853 Constitution, leading to reforms such as:
- Nationalization of customs revenues.
- Repeal of differential duties.
- Financial compensation for Buenos Aires via a five-year national subsidy.
Urquiza's mandate ended, and Derqui assumed the presidency.
Battle of Pavón: Causes and Implications
Causes
The conflict was driven by the government of Mitre, the second San Juan question (an internal rebellion leading to the murder of Governor José Antonio Virasoro), and the rejection of Buenos Aires deputies who were elected according to provincial law rather than national legislation.
Implications
President Derqui and the vice president resigned, leaving the nation without authorities. Mitre was elected provisional president, the capital was moved to Buenos Aires, and the compromise bill was sanctioned, achieving final national unity.
National Constitution Amendments
Key changes included:
- Buenos Aires was declared the capital of the Republic, with the final location to be fixed by an Act of Congress.
- Restricted national intervention in provinces.
- Elimination of the requirement for Congressional approval of provincial constitutions.
- Abolition of National Congress trials for provincial governors.
- Prohibition of external customs disposal to favor specific ports.
- Clarification in Section 101 that provinces retain all powers not delegated to the federal government.