Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Foundations of British North American Colonies

Initial Settlement and Land Ownership

When did the English first settle in North America? 1607.

Who owned the newly colonized land? Proprietors.

The English Crown did not want to spend money colonizing new lands, so they offered the opportunity to proprietors to colonize using their own funds.

Defining Salutary Neglect

What is Salutary Neglect? Britain allowing the colonies to govern themselves with minimal interference.

Egalitarianism and Settler Equality

Were all settlers equal in North America? Yes, because it was an egalitarian society. Everybody had the same rights and opportunities, and they earned their own reputation.

What does egalitarian mean? Egalitarian means that people were equal between them,...

FRANKS: after the fall of  W.R.E (476) the franks assumed the power in north gaul. The first frankish king was clovis, an impressive military commander from the merovingian dynasty.

507: Clovis expelled the visigoths from southern gaul b. Of vouille who moved south of the pyrenees. 

THe merovingian left government affairs in the hands of the mayors of the palace ; who became the real power.

732: the mayor of the palace charles mantel (Charlemagne´s grandfather) defeated the muslims at the battle of poitiersforcing them to retreat to the iberian peninsula. This victory reinforced the power of the mayors of the palace (who were ancestors of Charlemagne).

751: Charles 

The Early Modern Age: Defining Characteristics

The Early Modern Age spanned from the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and concluded with the French Revolution in 1789. The transition from the previous era involved a slow, profound transformation across all levels: economic, social, political, and cultural.

Economic and Social Shifts

• Economic Changes: Significant growth occurred, marked by increased agricultural production, expansion of craftsmanship and trade, and the development of mercantile capitalism.
• Social Structure: The privileged estates remained the nobility and the clergy. However, the bourgeoisie gained considerable influence, particularly in urban centers.
• Urban Growth: Cities increased significantly in both number and size.

The Rise of

INDEPENDENCE OF UNITED STATES: Between1756 and 1763, England and United States fought the "Seven Years war", England won, it was necessary to adopt a set of masures that affected the interests of the 13 colonies.

Visigothic History and Culture

Origins and Migration

• Germanic tribes entering the Roman Empire (406): Suebi, Vandals, and Alans.
• Year Germanic tribes reached the Iberian Peninsula: 409.
• Roman language: Latin (which survived as the dominant language).
• Roman relations: The Romans requested help from the Visigoths.

Political Structure and Administration

• Political system: Elective monarchy.
• Election of kings: Conducted by the Assembly of Free Men.
• Territorial administration: Based on dukes and counts.
• Capital cities: Tolosa (early) and Toledo (later).
• Leovigildo's reign: He occupied the Kingdom of the Suebi and established Toledo as his capital.
• Byzantine territory: Seized by King Suintila in 624.

Laws and Religion

• Visigothic Code: Also known as the Liber Iudiciorum,

1. Indigenous Societies & Colonial Advantages

What was the most important advantage that Indigenous groups in Mexico or Peru had compared to other Indigenous groups?

D. The ability to create a surplus of food.

2. Spanish Colonial Priorities

Which answer best describes Spanish colonies?

D. Converting Indigenous peoples to Christianity was a high priority.

3. Jamestown Colony's Prosperity

The Jamestown, Virginia, colony eventually prospered because:

B. Tobacco became a profitable crop to export.

4. Puritan Migration to North America

What was the most important reason the Puritans left England?

To start a society based on Protestant ideals.

5. Quaker Uniqueness in 17th Century North America

The Quakers were unique among the religious groups that settled

Union Objectives: Initial Strategies and Goal Evolution

The Union's Initial Strategies

The Union initially adopted three primary strategic goals at the outset of the Civil War:

1. Invade the Confederacy and destroy its will to resist.
2. Obtain the loyalty of the border states: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, and, starting in 1863, West Virginia.
3. Prevent European powers—especially Great Britain and France—from extending recognition of and giving assistance to the Confederacy.

Strategic Importance of Border States

Each border state was geographically strategic for the Union:

• Kentucky: Held a 500-mile border on the Ohio River, a crucial transportation artery.
• Maryland: Surrounded the Union capital, Washington D.C., on the north.
• Missouri: Bordered

The Complex Origins of World War I: Germany's Role

Consequences of the Great War

When World War I ended, it had numerous consequences. It caused the downfall of four monarchies: Germany, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for World War I, imposing severe restrictions that led to a national crisis. Crucially, these punitive measures are often cited as a significant factor contributing to the outbreak of World War II.

Arguments for German Culpability

German Support for Austria-Hungary

When Austria-Hungary issued its ultimatum to Serbia, the Austrians consulted Germany for support in the event of war. Germany affirmed its backing.

Germany's Declarations of War

World War I officially began on July 28, 1914, when...

The Treaty of Versailles and German Restrictions

One of the primary points of the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany from maintaining an army strong enough to initiate another war. The treaty strictly controlled the number of soldiers allowed, the types of weapons permitted, and explicitly prohibited the unification of Germany and Austria.

The Failure of Lasting Peace

While intended to maintain lasting peace in Europe, the treaty was ultimately unsuccessful. The conditions were so harsh that they provoked a nationalist desire for revenge among the German population. This sentiment, fueled by poverty and the economic crisis following the 1929 stock market crash, facilitated the rise of Nazism and the eventual outbreak of World War II.

Was Germany

Trench Warfare

Trench warfare was the second phase of WWI on the Western Front. During this phase, armies could not advance due to the use of machine guns in trenches; as a result, the front line became static.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty affecting Germany to negotiate reparations and punishment after WWI. Germany was held solely responsible for the war and faced several penalties:

• Territorial losses in Europe
• Loss of all its colonies
• The German army was reduced to approximately 100,000 soldiers
• Germany had to pay war reparations of 132,000 million gold marks

League of Nations

The League of Nations was an international organization created in 1919 via the Treaty of Versailles. Its headquarters were in Geneva. Its...