Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Hitler's Aggressive Aims

Hitler's aims were aggressive, and he openly stated them in his book "Mein Kampf" in 1924:

1. Destroy the Treaty of Versailles.
2. Create a Greater Germany (a country of all the German people).
3. Lebensraum (living space) to conquer land for Germany in Eastern Europe.

The Policy of Appeasement

During the 1930s, Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement - they gave Hitler what he wanted in order to keep the peace.

British public opinion did not want another war. People believed Germany was treated harshly by the Treaty of Versailles, so were entitled to take back the Rhineland and do all the other things they did.

Political opinion: Chamberlain was a pacifist.

German propaganda led Britain to believe that Germany was too strong...

Revolutionary Changes — Political, Economic, Social

Political level: The revolutions brought an end to absolutism and promoted a liberal political system founded on respect for citizens and the separation of powers.

Economic level: They marked the end of a primarily agrarian economy and the rise of a new urban and industrial economic model.

Social level: The old three-estate system based on birthright gave way to a new class-based society, with values centered on personal merit measured by wealth. The bourgeoisie became the dominant social group.

American Revolution: Causes, Conflict, Creation and Constitution

Causes of the American Revolution

Causes: Colonial discontent arose because the colonists lacked representation in the British Parliament....

The Cádiz Cortes and the Constitution of 1812: Impact on Spain

Different groups appeared:

• the supporters of the Enlightenment ideas, who wanted the end of the Ancient Régime in Spain and establish a constitutional monarchy.
• the absolutists, who wanted the king to be restored as an absolute monarch.

On 9 March 1812, the Cádiz Cortes approved Spain's first constitution, the Constitution of 1812, that was a victory for the Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality.

The Constitution of 1812: Established

• a constitutional monarchy
• popular sovereignty with limited male suffrage
• separation of powers: executive (monarch), legislative (monarch and the Cortes) and judicial (courts of justice)
• guaranteed rights and freedoms
• Catholicism as the official religion

Art:

The Muslim World

Recent Armed Conflicts

The Gulf War (1990-1991)

• The Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. An international coalition led by the USA under UN mandate liberated Kuwait. It imposed an embargo on Iraqi oil.

The Invasion of Afghanistan (2001)

• Consequence of the attack on New York and Washington on September 11, 2001, organized by Al-Qaeda.
• Al-Qaeda was based in Afghanistan and supported by the Taliban government.
• A coalition of troops from the US and allied countries overthrew the Taliban regime.
• A provisional government was established in its place.

The Invasion of Iraq (2003)

• There was a fear that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (threat to world peace).
• The USA, the UK, and other allied countries, including Spain, overthrew

History 201 First Exam Study Guide

Study Guide for First Exam which will be on May 20

Below are the key terms and events that could be on the first exam

1st exam possible study guide

Roanoke and Croatoan:

• First English Colony was at Roanoke
• THE COLONISTS AT ROANOKE DISAPPEAR AND THE 

ONLY CLUE AS TO THEIR FATE WAS THE WORD

“CROATOAN” CARVED INTO A TREE

• Big mystery in history, what happened at Roanoke?

Jamestown:

• THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IS ESTABLISHED AT JAMESTOWN IN 1607

BELIEVING THAT THE COLONISTS AT

ROANOKE WERE KILLED BY INDIANS,

• THE COLONISTS AT JAMESTOWN SET

UP THEIR COLONY ON A SWAMPY ISLAND

WHICH WOULD BE EASY TO DEFEND

Nathaniel Bacon:

NATHANIEL BACON, AN ARISTOCRAT who 

LEAD A GROUP OF INDENTURED SERVANTS

AGAINST THE ARISTOCRACY...

• Carriage - transporte: Transport
• Liability - responsabilidad: Responsibility
• Contract Rate - tasas de contrato: Low freight rate promised by a carrier for an extended period, in exchange for a large volume commitment from a customer.
• Commodity - mercancia: Article of trade or commerce.
• Merchandise - mercancia: Commercial goods; commodities.
• Shipment - envio: Act of sending something, usually a large quantity of objects to a place far away.
• Facility - instalaciones: A place, especially including buildings, where a particular activity happens.
• Freight/Cargo - carga: Goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle.
• Inland - tierra adentro: In the interior of a country or region, away from a sea or border.
• In Bulk - a granel: In large quantities; unpackaged.

The Catholic Monarchs: Foundations of Spanish Power

Foreign Policy Achievements

• Established alliances with other European kingdoms, such as the Holy Roman Empire, controlled by the Habsburg dynasty.
• Carefully planned matrimonial policies, marrying their sons and daughters to the princes and princesses of Portugal, the Habsburg Empire, and England.
• Conquered land in North Africa.
• Recovered the Kingdom of Naples after the war against France.
• Significant geographical expeditions led to the discovery of America in 1492.

Habsburg Spain: A Golden Age and Its Challenges

Key Monarchs of the 16th Century

The 16th century in Spain saw the reign of the Habsburg dynasty monarchs: Carlos I (son of Felipe I and Juana I) and Felipe II.

Carlos I (Charles V): Emperor

US and Global Political Developments

Senate Democrats and the Filibuster

After making a deal with Republicans over the filibuster at the beginning of the current session, some Senate Democrats are threatening once more to eliminate the procedural tactic.

Texas and Driver's Permits for Undocumented Immigrants

The amendment was a bill by Rep. Roberto Alonzo, D-Dallas, that would allow undocumented immigrants to have driver's permits for the purpose of purchasing insurance.

President Obama Hosts Naturalization Ceremony

In a Fourth of July ceremony at the White House, brimming with political undertones, President Obama hosted a naturalization ceremony for more than two dozen active-duty service members.

Italy's Presidential Election

Italy's Parliament...

Key Terms and Concepts

• Tanks: War machines
• Enlist: Sign-up to war
• Counter-attack: To fight back
• Stalemate: Situation where no one can win
• Revolution: The people don't want a king
• Armistice: Agreement to stop war
• Reserves: Spare stocks, material, and army of the war
• Offensive: An aggressive movement or attack

Key Leaders

• Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Austria-Hungary: Emperor Franz Josef
• Russia: Tsar Nicholas II
• Britain: Prime Minister George V
• Italy: Prime Minister Antonio Salandra (until two years into the war, then Giovanni Giolitti)
• France: Prime Minister George Clemenceau

Alliances

• Triple Entente: Russia, France, Britain
• Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary
• Russia-France Alliance

Key Events of 1914

• June 28: Franz Ferdinand assassinated
• July 23: Austria

Philip IV's Reign

Philip IV was crowned king in 1621. He left his government responsibilities in the hands of the Count-Duke of Olivares.

Foreign Policy

Foreign policy differed from the previous one. In 1621, when the Truce with the United Provinces ended, Philip resumed the war against the Flemish rebels. Philip was also the leader of the Catholic faction in the Thirty Years' War. Spanish victories culminated in the Battle of Nördlingen (1634), where German and Swedish Protestants were defeated.

Domestic Policy

Olivares changed domestic policy. His objectives were:

• To share military expenses among all the territories of the Hispanic Monarchy.
• To increase the king's power by reducing the autonomy of the territories.

These reforms met with strong opposition....