Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Primary education

European Powers in Africa

If you look at the map, you see that there are two dominant powers: there is a horizontal line to the North, where the French were, and a vertical line in blue, which corresponds to British dominion. That is what explains a caricature of Cecil Rhodes—who gave name to Rhodesia—in which he appears above the African map.

Germany's Ambitions

The third colonial power was Germany, which was fast becoming an industrialized area. By then, Germany was trying to establish a railway line joining Berlin and Baghdad, which contains the biggest oil reservoirs. Therefore, that is why they had interest to build this railway line.

British Dominions and Boer Republics

If we concentrate on the South, we see primarily British dominions...

The Consequences of the War

The conflict caused:

• 55 million deaths
• A huge number of wounded military personnel
• Civilian victims

In 1945, conferences were held at Yalta (February) and Potsdam (July-August) at which the leaders of the Allies discussed the redrawing of the frontiers of Europe.

• Germany was divided into occupation zones. Berlin was divided into four military territories (British, French, Soviet, and American).
• Italy was occupied by Anglo-American armies.
• Japan was occupied by the United States.
• The USSR enlarged its frontiers and occupied various countries in Eastern Europe.

Europe’s prewar hegemony was replaced by a new international order led by the two main powers, the USA and the USSR. The UN (United Nations) was created to maintain...

The Interwar Period: Prosperity and Depression

The Roaring Twenties

After World War I, a period of economic prosperity emerged. The USA became one of the most prosperous countries and the first world superpower. This economic growth was based on:

• The development of industry: Due to the success of mass production and chain production.
• An increase in consumption: Promoted by advertising, credit, and hire purchase.
• Investments in stocks and shares: Banks, companies, and private individuals invested their capital in stocks, which increased their value.

The Crash of 1929

On October 24, 1929, “Black Thursday,” the stock exchange market collapsed. Investors panicked and tried to sell their stocks, which started the economic crisis of the 1930s.

Reason:

The Oil Crisis of 1973

In 1973, major oil-producing countries decided to increase the price of fuel. The consequences seriously affected the economies of industrial countries, economic growth stagnated, unemployment rose, and inflation soared.

The Coup and the Military Junta

The armed forces overthrew the government of "Isabel" Perón, and the commanders formed a military junta.

The "Process of National Reorganization"

The stated goal was to completely transform Argentine society. They definitely tried to eliminate all organizations or people linked to political protest activities, social and cultural development.

Clandestine Repression and the Disappeared

The government of the dictatorship applied brutal repressive methods and established extreme...

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy (only 1 year)

Allies

France, Russia, Great Britain, Italy (1915), later Japan and USA

The war started in Europe but affected other continents due to the colonial expansion.

Causes

The 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand (the A-H heir to the throne) was murdered in Sarajevo, Bosnia. With his wife Sophie, by the Serbian nationalist student Gavrilo Princip. After an ultimatum, A-H declared war on Serbia, and Russia defended Serbia. France took the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine from Germany. Italy took Istria and Trent from A-H. Some claimed independence in the Balkans, countries were fighting against the oppression of the Austrian and the Turkish empires. Due to the competition in commerce...

Fascism vs. Nazism

Fascism and Nazism are often considered to be the same or at least refer to the same ideologies. However, the two are entirely dissimilar from each other. This is despite the fact that they are both totalitarian ideologies, are closely related in design, and both sprung up after the First World War in Europe.

What is Fascism?

Fascism is defined as a form of radical authoritarian, strict, and controlling ultra-nationalism that is usually characterized by forcibly suppressing an opposition front, assuming dictatorial powers, and strongly regimenting the society and its economy.

Fascism sprung to popularity around the early 20th century during the time of Benito Mussolini. Benito was the Italian leader by the time the ideology was...

Post-War Monetary System Talks

The initial talks on reconstructing a postwar international monetary system started between the United States and United Kingdom as early as 1941. The lead negotiators were Harry Dexter White for the USA and John Maynard Keynes for the British. Given the US economic and political dominance at the end of the war, it is not surprising that the eventual system reflected more the US proposals. The system that emerged was ratified at an international monetary conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, attended by some 44 countries, although some commentators dubbed the conference as a meeting of 1.5 nations (the USA and the UK!).

Bretton Woods Institutions

The Bretton Woods Agreement created three institutions:

• The

Before Henry I, the two moments belonged to the king because bishops were feudal lords in first place, so the king had the right to choose them. In times of Henry II, the church is going to have a reform known as the Gregorian Reform, and one of the things that the church wanted was to be independent from the king. So this was the first battle, the first moment of tension between the King and the Church.

There was an agreement and Henry I retained the right to choose the bishop, but then the ceremony remained totally religious. So to the eyes of the world it was the Church who invested the bishop.

Henry I had one daughter, Mathilda, but he had no male heirs. That was a problem because it had never been a woman ruling England. Mathilda was married

Martin Luther King Jr.

Economic Context

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the USA faced economic hardship. People lost their jobs, struggled to afford food, and experienced widespread poverty.

Family and Career

Following in the footsteps of his grandfather and father, Martin Luther King Jr. became a church pastor.

Inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance in the fight for civil rights deeply inspired Martin Luther King Jr.

The Montgomery City Code and Rosa Parks

Montgomery City Code

Buses in Montgomery were segregated, with separate sections for white and black people. Black people were required to give up their seats to white people, even if it meant standing.

Rosa Parks' Act of Defiance

Rosa Parks was...

The Revolutions of the 1820s

In Spain and Portugal, there were liberal revolutions that aimed to establish constitutional monarchies. In Spain, absolutism was re-established after The Liberal Triennium.

Greece wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire. A liberal-nationalist revolution began; it was supported by other European countries (Russia, Great Britain, and France). The Treaty of Adrianople recognized Greek independence.

The Revolutions of the 1830s

Belgium wanted independence from Holland, with which it was united to form the Netherlands. These two countries had many differences, including language and religion (most Belgians were Catholics and most Dutch were Protestants). Leopold I became Belgium's constitutional monarch.

During the Restoration...