Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Primary education

Sculpture

New forms and materials. Subject matters no longer needed to be noble. Materials were frequently taken from industrial waste, such as iron and steel. Ex. Alexander Calder designed mobile sculptures always in motion. In painting (innovative movements) Surrealism: Inspiration in the subconscious and in dreams. Use absurd and irrational elements as subject matter. Dadaism: Suggested destruction of art. Marcel Duchamp proposed ready-made art. He transformed everyday objects into art by displaying them in an art gallery. He believed art was in the attitude of the spectator as much as in the object itself. Abstract movement: Painters explored the possibility of creating works that had no reference to the outside world. Colour and shape were...

Debido a la Revolución Francesa e Industrial se creó una nueva clase social, la Class-based Society, que estaba formada por la alta burguesía y the birth of the working class.

Industrial Revolution

Fue originada en Great Britain en 1750.

Cambió la economía del país; la agricultura se hizo menos importante y la industria más.

Causes

• Crecimiento de la población

  Se necesitaba más comida pero había más trabajadores, así que se producía mucho más.

• Mejoras de la agricultura

  Había campos más grandes.

  Aparecieron nuevas máquinas y fertilizantes.

• Increased trade
• Technological progress

  The invention of new machines enabled factories to produce goods more quickly. Prices decreased.

• Financial support from agriculture and trade

  In Great Britain,

Key Figures of 19th Century Spain

• Joseph Bonaparte: King of Spain while Napoleon ruled.
• Duke of Wellington: An English general who defeated the French in Spain.
• Manuel Godoy: He was a Spanish politician and Prime Minister of Charles IV.
• Simón Bolívar: A Venezuelan general who led the independence movement.
• Carlos V: He was Isabella II's uncle who wanted to rule Spain.
• José de San Martín: Argentine general.
• Ramón María Narváez: Spanish politician who led the Moderate Party.
• Amadeo of Savoy: He was King of Spain between 1870 and 1873.
• Baldomero Espartero: A Spanish general and politician who led the Progressive Party.
• Antonio Cánovas del Castillo: Spanish politician who founded and led the Conservative Party.

Historical Facts and Developments

• Serrano

The Boston Tea Party: A Defining Protest

The Boston Tea Party, referred to in its time simply as "the destruction of the tea" or by other informal names (and only formally named "Boston Tea Party" half a century later), was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, a city in the British colony of Massachusetts. This act of defiance was directed against the tax policy of the British government and the East India Company, which controlled all the tea imported into the colonies. The incident remains an iconic event of American history, frequently referenced by other political protests.

Governor Hutchinson's Stance and Escalation

Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of taxed tea in three other colonies. However, in Boston,...

Alexander Pope (1688-1744)

Alexander Pope (1688-1744) was an 18th-century English poet, best known for his satirical verse and his translation of Homer. He is famous for his use of the heroic couplet. Pope was born in London.

Early Life and Education

Pope's education was significantly affected by the recently enacted Test Acts, which banned Catholics from teaching, attending university, voting, or holding public office under penalty of perpetual imprisonment. He attended two Catholic schools in London. In 1700, his family moved to a small estate at Popeswood in Binfield, where Pope's formal education ended. At Binfield, he began to make many important friends, including John Caryll. Caryll introduced the young Pope to the ageing playwright William...

Second Spanish Republic Reforms and Challenges

Anti-Clerical Sentiment

The strong anti-clerical sentiment that prevailed in some sections of Spanish society led to a major wave of physical attacks on the Church, resulting in the burning of convents and parishes. While the issue of religious liberty was debated within the framework of the Constitution, the attacks were largely a popular reaction to the excessive power hitherto exercised by the Church.

Military Reform Efforts

Another important issue was the military reform carried out by Manuel Azaña. Among other things, it urged the withdrawal of military personnel who did not swear allegiance to the Republic, promoted the motorization of the cavalry, and ordered the closing of the Military Academy...

Post-World War I Europe: Rise of Totalitarianism

Italy After the Great War: Turmoil and Fascism

The end of the Great War left Italy with serious human and economic consequences. For many Italians, the cost of living increased while wages decreased. The idea began to spread that Italy's participation in the war was a hoax, and irredentism gained popularity. This situation led to extreme political instability, as governments could not secure a sufficient majority. The economic crisis generated significant social tension, with strikes developing in northern Italy.

The Rise of Fascism Under Mussolini

The rise of fascism began in 1919 when Benito Mussolini founded the Fasci di Combattimento (Blackshirts). In 1921, the Fasci were transformed into the...

The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship (1923-1930)

The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera began with a coup d'état against the constitutional regime of the Restoration. The military coup met with no opposition, leading to a peaceful outcome. The constitutional government offered no resistance, and King Alfonso XIII accepted the coup by appointing General Primo de Rivera as Prime Minister.

Context and Internal Factors Encouraging the Coup

The coup took place in a context dominated internationally by the triumph of the Bolshevik Revolution and the rise of Italian Fascism. However, several critical internal factors encouraged the coup:

• The political crisis produced by the depletion of the Restoration system.
• The ongoing problem in Morocco (the Rif War).
• The

Historical Context of Alfonso XIII's Farewell Address

This primary source document is the Farewell Address of King Alfonso XIII, published on April 17, 1931, in the conservative and monarchical Madrid newspaper, ABC. The text serves as the King's formal explanation to the Spanish people regarding his decision to leave the throne.

The Reign of Alfonso XIII (1902–1931)

Alfonso XIII's reign was defined by the decline of the Restoration period and persistent political and social crises. The regime was largely dominated by an oligarchy and the cacique system. In an attempt to preserve the monarchy and elite privileges, General Primo de Rivera staged a coup in 1923 to restore social order.

The Collapse of the Monarchy

Following several failed political...

Causes of Spanish American Independence

• Diffusion of Enlightenment ideas: The principles of liberty and equality promoted by the French Revolution.
• Success of the American Revolution: The revolt of the British colonies in North America, which ended with the proclamation of the Independence of the United States.
• Creole discontent: The growing discontent of the native bourgeoisie.

The Cánovas System and the Two Major Parties

• The Conservative Party: A supporter of political stagnation, defense of the Church, and social order.
• The Liberal Party: Seemed inclined to a more democratic, secular, and social reformism.

Key Historical Terms and Definitions

Seals

Organs that received radical club members who directed the political life of France during the Republican